Abstract
Background. The effect of urbanization on age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates in US counties is investigated. The data come from National Cancer Institute, and urban trends are estimated in time periods 1970-1979 and 1980-1987, for both white males and white females. To account for possibly different gradients in different parts of the country, the 48 contiguous states are divided into seven regions. Methods. A measure of urbanness, urbanicity, is defined and is used to stratify counties. A multiplicative model is proposed that relates county mortality rates to urbanicity. The residuals from this multiplicative model serve as age- and urban-adjusted rates. Results. Urban-rural gradients are significant for nearly all regions for both white males and white females, diminishing slightly in the latter time period for white males but becoming stronger for white females. Conclusions. The age- and urban-adjusted rates may be used in mapping to investigate geographical patterns that remain after removal of the urban factor.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 918-932 |
| Number of pages | 15 |
| Journal | International Journal of Epidemiology |
| Volume | 25 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 1996 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Dr C R Goodall was supported in part by National Science Foundation award DMS 92-08656 to the Pennsylvania State University.
Funding Information:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr K Kafadar was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant Number DMS 95-10435 awarded to the University of Colorado at Denver.
Funding Information:
Research by Goodall and Tukey was prepared in part in connection with research at Princeton University, supported by contract DAAL03-9I-0138 from the U.S. Army Research Office.
Funding
Dr C R Goodall was supported in part by National Science Foundation award DMS 92-08656 to the Pennsylvania State University. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr K Kafadar was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant Number DMS 95-10435 awarded to the University of Colorado at Denver. Research by Goodall and Tukey was prepared in part in connection with research at Princeton University, supported by contract DAAL03-9I-0138 from the U.S. Army Research Office.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| U.S. Army Research Office | |
| National Science Foundation | DMS 92-08656, DMS 95-10435 |
| Princeton University | DAAL03-9I-0138 |
| Pennsylvania State University | |
| University of Colorado Denver |
Keywords
- Exploratory data analysis
- Geographical epidemiology
- Poisson
- Smoothing
- Urbanicity
