Universal augmentation schemes for network navigability

Pierre Fraigniaud, Cyril Gavoille, Adrian Kosowski, Emmanuelle Lebhar, Zvi Lotker

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

4 Scopus citations

Abstract

Augmented graphs were introduced for the purpose of analyzing the "six degrees of separation between individuals" observed experimentally by the sociologist Standley Milgram in the 60's. We define an augmented graph as a pair (G, M) where G is an n-node graph with nodes labeled in {1, ..., n}, and M is an n × n stochastic matrix. Every node u ∈ V (G) is given an extra link, called a long range link, pointing to some node v, called the long range contact of u. The head v of this link is chosen at random by Pr {u → v} = Mu, v. In augmented graphs, greedy routing is the oblivious routing process in which every intermediate node chooses from among all its neighbors (including its long range contact) the one that is closest to the target according to the distance measured in the underlying graph G, and forwards to it. The best augmentation scheme known so far ensures that, for any n-node graph G, greedy routing performs in O (sqrt(n)) expected number of steps. Our main result is the design of an augmentation scheme that overcomes the O (sqrt(n)) barrier. Precisely, we prove that for any n-node graph G whose nodes are arbitrarily labeled in {1, ..., n}, there exists a stochastic matrix M such that greedy routing in (G, M) performs in over(O, ̃) (n1 / 3), where the over(O, ̃) notation ignores the polylogarithmic factors. We prove additional results when the stochastic matrix M is universal to all graphs. In particular, we prove that the O (sqrt(n)) barrier can still be overcame for large graph classes even if the matrix M is universal. This however requires an appropriate labeling of the nodes. If the node labeling is arbitrary, then we prove that the O (sqrt(n)) barrier cannot be overcome with universal matrices.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1970-1981
Number of pages12
JournalTheoretical Computer Science
Volume410
Issue number21-23
DOIs
StatePublished - 17 May 2009
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was partially done while Zvi Lotker was visiting LRI at University Paris Sud, supported by the COST Action 295 ‘‘DYNAMO’’, and while Adrian Kosowski was visiting LaBRI at University of Bordeaux, also supported by the COST Action 295 ‘‘DYNAMO’’.

Funding

This work was partially done while Zvi Lotker was visiting LRI at University Paris Sud, supported by the COST Action 295 ‘‘DYNAMO’’, and while Adrian Kosowski was visiting LaBRI at University of Bordeaux, also supported by the COST Action 295 ‘‘DYNAMO’’.

FundersFunder number
European Cooperation in Science and Technology

    Keywords

    • Informative labeling schemes
    • Routing
    • Small world phenomenon

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