Thermodynamics of Antisite Defects in Layered NMC Cathodes: Systematic Insights from High-Precision Powder Diffraction Analyses

Liang Yin; Zhuo Li; Gerard S. Mattei; Jianming Zheng; Wengao Zhao; Fredrick Omenya; Chengcheng Fang; Wangda Li; Jianyu Li; Qiang Xie; Evan M. Erickson; Ji Guang Zhang; M. Stanley Whittingham; Ying Shirley Meng; Arumugam Manthiram; Peter G. Khalifah

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03646

Thermodynamics of Antisite Defects in Layered NMC Cathodes: Systematic Insights from High-Precision Powder Diffraction Analyses

Liang Yin, Zhuo Li, Gerard S. Mattei, Jianming Zheng, Wengao Zhao, Fredrick Omenya, Chengcheng Fang, Wangda Li, Jianyu Li, Qiang Xie, Evan M. Erickson, Ji Guang Zhang, M. Stanley Whittingham, Ying Shirley Meng, Arumugam Manthiram, Peter G. Khalifah

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39 Scopus citations

Abstract

While it is accepted that paired Ni_Li and Li_Ni antisite defects are present in the important family of NMC cathode materials with the general formula Li(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O₂, their formation mechanism and influence on properties are not well understood due to the difficulty of accurately quantifying defects. In this work, novel high-precision powder diffraction methods have been used to elucidate the dependence of defect concentration on NMC composition. Formation energies for paired antisite defects (calculated under the assumption of equal state degeneracy) are observed to vary from about 320 to 160 meV, contradicting the constant defect formation energy that would be expected based on the previously proposed atomistic defect formation mechanism (size similarity of Ni²⁺ and Li⁺ cations). The present data support an alternative mechanism in which the equilibrium defect concentration is determined by the average size of transition-metal sites and thus suggest a new route by which chemical substitutions can be used to tune defect concentrations to optimal levels.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1002-1010
Number of pages	9
Journal	Chemistry of Materials
Volume	32
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03646
State	Published - 11 Feb 2020
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) program and the Battery500 Consortium under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. Use of the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. A portion of this research used resources at the Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Y.S.M. and C.F. thank Dr. Bao Qiu from Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering NIMTE for providing a BASF 333 sample. Support and training from NOMAD beamline team members including Katharine Page, Michelle Everett, and Joerg C. Neuefeind are gratefully acknowledged, as is the work of Jonathan Denney in writing automated codes to verify f* diagram calculations.

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.

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Yin, L., Li, Z., Mattei, G. S., Zheng, J., Zhao, W., Omenya, F., Fang, C., Li, W., Li, J., Xie, Q., Erickson, E. M., Zhang, J. G., Whittingham, M. S., Meng, Y. S., Manthiram, A., & Khalifah, P. G. (2020). Thermodynamics of Antisite Defects in Layered NMC Cathodes: Systematic Insights from High-Precision Powder Diffraction Analyses. Chemistry of Materials, 32(3), 1002-1010. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03646

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abstract = "While it is accepted that paired NiLi and LiNi antisite defects are present in the important family of NMC cathode materials with the general formula Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, their formation mechanism and influence on properties are not well understood due to the difficulty of accurately quantifying defects. In this work, novel high-precision powder diffraction methods have been used to elucidate the dependence of defect concentration on NMC composition. Formation energies for paired antisite defects (calculated under the assumption of equal state degeneracy) are observed to vary from about 320 to 160 meV, contradicting the constant defect formation energy that would be expected based on the previously proposed atomistic defect formation mechanism (size similarity of Ni2+ and Li+ cations). The present data support an alternative mechanism in which the equilibrium defect concentration is determined by the average size of transition-metal sites and thus suggest a new route by which chemical substitutions can be used to tune defect concentrations to optimal levels.",

author = "Liang Yin and Zhuo Li and Mattei, {Gerard S.} and Jianming Zheng and Wengao Zhao and Fredrick Omenya and Chengcheng Fang and Wangda Li and Jianyu Li and Qiang Xie and Erickson, {Evan M.} and Zhang, {Ji Guang} and Whittingham, {M. Stanley} and Meng, {Ying Shirley} and Arumugam Manthiram and Khalifah, {Peter G.}",

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doi = "10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03646",

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Yin, L, Li, Z, Mattei, GS, Zheng, J, Zhao, W, Omenya, F, Fang, C, Li, W, Li, J, Xie, Q, Erickson, EM, Zhang, JG, Whittingham, MS, Meng, YS, Manthiram, A & Khalifah, PG 2020, 'Thermodynamics of Antisite Defects in Layered NMC Cathodes: Systematic Insights from High-Precision Powder Diffraction Analyses', Chemistry of Materials, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1002-1010. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b03646

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AU - Yin, Liang

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AU - Mattei, Gerard S.

AU - Zheng, Jianming

AU - Zhao, Wengao

AU - Omenya, Fredrick

AU - Fang, Chengcheng

AU - Li, Wangda

AU - Li, Jianyu

AU - Xie, Qiang

AU - Erickson, Evan M.

AU - Zhang, Ji Guang

AU - Whittingham, M. Stanley

AU - Meng, Ying Shirley

AU - Manthiram, Arumugam

AU - Khalifah, Peter G.

PY - 2020/2/11

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AB - While it is accepted that paired NiLi and LiNi antisite defects are present in the important family of NMC cathode materials with the general formula Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, their formation mechanism and influence on properties are not well understood due to the difficulty of accurately quantifying defects. In this work, novel high-precision powder diffraction methods have been used to elucidate the dependence of defect concentration on NMC composition. Formation energies for paired antisite defects (calculated under the assumption of equal state degeneracy) are observed to vary from about 320 to 160 meV, contradicting the constant defect formation energy that would be expected based on the previously proposed atomistic defect formation mechanism (size similarity of Ni2+ and Li+ cations). The present data support an alternative mechanism in which the equilibrium defect concentration is determined by the average size of transition-metal sites and thus suggest a new route by which chemical substitutions can be used to tune defect concentrations to optimal levels.

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Thermodynamics of Antisite Defects in Layered NMC Cathodes: Systematic Insights from High-Precision Powder Diffraction Analyses

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