The microbiome in a healthy pregnancy

The human microbiome plays fundamental roles in host metabolism, immunity, and overall health. In many disease states, the microbial composition is altered (dysbiosis), usually exacerbating the clinical condition. However, during pregnancy, the changes in the microbiome are essential for healthy pregnancy progression and outcome. Alterations in microbial compositions are evident in the gut, oral cavity, and the vagina of pregnant women. The microbial changes during pregnancy are correlated with and enhance the gestational immune, hormonal, and metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy, including weight gain. Understanding the extent of the changes in the microbiome that occur in healthy pregnancy and the full effects of the maternal microbiome on the offspring is expected to have an important impact when considering antibiotics and nutritional decisions during pregnancy.