The work of the Commission and the Commission meetings were generously supported by the Israel Medical Association, Azrieli Foundation, Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, the Avraham Herman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Vienna Medical Association, the Max Planck Society, the German Association for Internal Medicine, the German Association for Psychiatry, and the German Association for Pediatrics. This Commission owes its existence to William E Seidelman, who first approached The Lancet with the idea of spearheading this effort to include the history of medical involvement in Nazism and the Holocaust in all health professional curriculums. The constant support and the tireless work of our editor Miriam Sabin is exemplary. Additionally, we are very grateful to Mark Avram Clarfield, Karl Skorecki, Dan Michman, Franziska Eckert, Rosa Ríos Cortés, Yvonne Steinert, Silke Schicktanz, and Hagai Boas, colleagues who shared their expertise with the Commission, and Arthur Kleinman, who served as an informal consultant. Our good friend and colleague Michael Grodin had agreed to serve as consultant to the Commission, but sadly passed away before he saw its publication. Michael's lifelong work as a scholar and an educator in the field of medicine and the Holocaust, health law, bioethics, and human rights is reflected in this report. This report was substantially enhanced through conversations with the Commission's international student advisory council, led by Shani Levany (Israel) and also including Muhammad Athallah Arsyaf (Indonesia), Cristina Bejarano Roma (Spain), Shubham Gupta (India), Chinyere Jennifer Igwe (Germany), Yimeng Jin (China, Japan), Clemens Jobst (Austria), Abigail Leibowitz (USA), Georgia Livieri (Cyprus, Greece), Emma Nalianya (Kenya), Mercedes Prodromou (Austria), Catherine Read (USA), Rounak Verma (India, UK), Max Stone (Canada), and Dali Majeed (USA). They are a diverse group of health professions students from the fields of nursing, neuroscience, bioethics, public health, health administration, and medicine who were chosen on the basis of applications explaining their interest and thoughts on the subject matter, supported by a mentor recommendation. The students met on a monthly basis to discuss matters related to the Commission and their efforts in the field, and they attended virtual and in-person meetings of the Commission. All of these student advisors are working on personal projects to incorporate the Commission's work in their academic communities. Here, they combine not only the historical knowledge and educational methods they learned, but also their insights from working with such a diverse group of fellow students and commissioners. We specially acknowledge Rounak Verma and Clemens Jobst for creating the reference database.
The work of the Commission and the Commission meetings were generously supported by the Israel Medical Association, Azrieli Foundation, Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, the Avraham Herman Research Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Vienna Medical Association, the Max Planck Society, the German Association for Internal Medicine, the German Association for Psychiatry, and the German Association for Pediatrics. This Commission owes its existence to William E Seidelman, who first approached The Lancet with the idea of spearheading this effort to include the history of medical involvement in Nazism and the Holocaust in all health professional curriculums. The constant support and the tireless work of our editor Miriam Sabin is exemplary. Additionally, we are very grateful to Mark Avram Clarfield, Karl Skorecki, Dan Michman, Franziska Eckert, Rosa Ríos Cortés, Yvonne Steinert, Silke Schicktanz, and Hagai Boas, colleagues who shared their expertise with the Commission, and Arthur Kleinman, who served as an informal consultant. Our good friend and colleague Michael Grodin had agreed to serve as consultant to the Commission, but sadly passed away before he saw its publication. Michael's lifelong work as a scholar and an educator in the field of medicine and the Holocaust, health law, bioethics, and human rights is reflected in this report. This report was substantially enhanced through conversations with the Commission's international student advisory council, led by Shani Levany (Israel) and also including Muhammad Athallah Arsyaf (Indonesia), Cristina Bejarano Roma (Spain), Shubham Gupta (India), Chinyere Jennifer Igwe (Germany), Yimeng Jin (China, Japan), Clemens Jobst (Austria), Abigail Leibowitz (USA), Georgia Livieri (Cyprus, Greece), Emma Nalianya (Kenya), Mercedes Prodromou (Austria), Catherine Read (USA), Rounak Verma (India, UK), Max Stone (Canada), and Dali Majeed (USA). They are a diverse group of health professions students from the fields of nursing, neuroscience, bioethics, public health, health administration, and medicine who were chosen on the basis of applications explaining their interest and thoughts on the subject matter, supported by a mentor recommendation. The students met on a monthly basis to discuss matters related to the Commission and their efforts in the field, and they attended virtual and in-person meetings of the Commission. All of these student advisors are working on personal projects to incorporate the Commission's work in their academic communities. Here, they combine not only the historical knowledge and educational methods they learned, but also their insights from working with such a diverse group of fellow students and commissioners. We specially acknowledge Rounak Verma and Clemens Jobst for creating the reference database.
For decades, the names of people murdered in the so-called euthanasia programmes were kept secret because of rules around medical confidentiality and patient privacy, and the public identification of victims' names was hampered by archival laws in various countries. Such archival policies often seem to be rooted in long-held prejudices against people with intellectual or mental disabilities and have further increased stigma and exclusionary practices. However, historians persisted and, to an extent, succeeded in efforts to identify victims' full names. In Vienna, for example, the names of children killed in the Am Spiegelgrund hospital mark the graves in which the children's brains, obtained through autopsies and used by researchers for years after World War 2, were buried ( panel 16 ). 567 Around 2010, medical historian Paul Weindling launched an international project aimed at documenting all victims of Nazi medical experiments. Weindling and his research team created a databank of their findings, which has been hosted by Leopoldina, the German National Academy of Sciences, since 2015. 568 Since 2017, a research project financed by the Max Planck Society has been investigating the history of collections of tissues from victims of Nazi persecution for brain research by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry in Munich, and its various successors. 471