The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

R. A. Holt; G. Mani Subramanian; A. Halpern; G. G. Sutton; R. Charlab; D. R. Nusskern; P. Wincker; A. G. Clark; J. M.C. Ribeiro; R. Wides; S. L. Salzberg; B. Loftus; M. Yandell; W. H. Majoros; D. B. Rusch; Z. Lai; C. L. Kraft; J. F. Abril; V. Anthouard; P. Arensburger; P. W. Atkinson; H. Baden; V. de Berardinis; D. Baldwin; V. Benes; J. Biedler; C. Blass; R. Bolanos; D. Boscus; M. Barnstead; S. Cai; A. Center; K. Chatuverdi; G. K. Christophides; M. A. Chrystal; M. Clamp; A. Cravchik; V. Curwen; A. Dana; A. Delcher; I. Dew; C. A. Evans; M. Flanigan; A. Grundschober-Freimoser; L. Friedli; Z. Gu; P. Guan; R. Guigo; M. E. Hillenmeyer; S. L. Hladun; J. R. Hogan; Y. S. Hong; J. Hoover; O. Jaillon; Z. Ke; C. Kodira; E. Kokoza; A. Koutsos; I. Letunic; A. Levitsky; Y. Liang; J. J. Lin; N. F. Lobo; J. R. Lopez; J. A. Malek; T. C. McIntosh; S. Meister; J. Miller; C. Mobarry; E. Mongin; S. D. Murphy; D. A. O'Brochta; C. Pfannkoch; R. Qi; M. A. Regier; K. Remington; H. Shao; M. V. Sharakhova; C. D. Sitter; J. Shetty; T. J. Smith; R. Strong; J. Sun; D. Thomasova; L. Q. Ton; P. Topalis; Z. Tu; M. F. Unger; B. Walenz; A. Wang; J. Wang; M. Wang; X. Wang; K. J. Woodford; J. R. Wortman; M. Wu; A. Yao; E. M. Zdobnov; H. Zhang; Q. Zhao; S. Zhao; S. C. Zhu; I. Zhimulev; M. Coluzzi; A. della Torre; C. W. Roth; C. Louis; F. Kalush; R. J. Mural; E. W. Myers; M. D. Adams; H. O. Smith; S. Broder; M. J. Gardner; C. M. Fraser; E. Birney; P. Bork; P. T. Brey; J. Craig Venter; J. Weissenbach; F. C. Kafatos; F. H. Collins; S. L. Hoffman

doi:10.1126/science.1076181

The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

R. A. Holt, G. Mani Subramanian, A. Halpern, G. G. Sutton, R. Charlab, D. R. Nusskern, P. Wincker, A. G. Clark, J. M.C. Ribeiro, R. Wides, S. L. Salzberg, B. Loftus, M. Yandell, W. H. Majoros, D. B. Rusch, Z. Lai, C. L. Kraft, J. F. Abril, V. Anthouard, P. ArensburgerP. W. Atkinson, H. Baden, V. de Berardinis, D. Baldwin, V. Benes, J. Biedler, C. Blass, R. Bolanos, D. Boscus, M. Barnstead, S. Cai, A. Center, K. Chatuverdi, G. K. Christophides, M. A. Chrystal, M. Clamp, A. Cravchik, V. Curwen, A. Dana, A. Delcher, I. Dew, C. A. Evans, M. Flanigan, A. Grundschober-Freimoser, L. Friedli, Z. Gu, P. Guan, R. Guigo, M. E. Hillenmeyer, S. L. Hladun, J. R. Hogan, Y. S. Hong, J. Hoover, O. Jaillon, Z. Ke, C. Kodira, E. Kokoza, A. Koutsos, I. Letunic, A. Levitsky, Y. Liang, J. J. Lin, N. F. Lobo, J. R. Lopez, J. A. Malek, T. C. McIntosh, S. Meister, J. Miller, C. Mobarry, E. Mongin, S. D. Murphy, D. A. O'Brochta, C. Pfannkoch, R. Qi, M. A. Regier, K. Remington, H. Shao, M. V. Sharakhova, C. D. Sitter, J. Shetty, T. J. Smith, R. Strong, J. Sun, D. Thomasova, L. Q. Ton, P. Topalis, Z. Tu, M. F. Unger, B. Walenz, A. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, X. Wang, K. J. Woodford, J. R. Wortman, M. Wu, A. Yao, E. M. Zdobnov, H. Zhang, Q. Zhao, S. Zhao, S. C. Zhu, I. Zhimulev, M. Coluzzi, A. della Torre, C. W. Roth, C. Louis, F. Kalush, R. J. Mural, E. W. Myers, M. D. Adams, H. O. Smith, S. Broder, M. J. Gardner, C. M. Fraser, E. Birney, P. Bork, P. T. Brey, J. Craig Venter, J. Weissenbach, F. C. Kafatos, F. H. Collins, S. L. Hoffman

The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences - at Bar-Ilan University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1688 Scopus citations

Abstract

Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	129-149
Number of pages	21
Journal	Science
Volume	298
Issue number	5591
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076181
State	Published - 4 Oct 2002

Funding

Funders	Funder number
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases	U01AI050687

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1126/science.1076181

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Holt, R. A., Mani Subramanian, G., Halpern, A., Sutton, G. G., Charlab, R., Nusskern, D. R., Wincker, P., Clark, A. G., Ribeiro, J. M. C., Wides, R., Salzberg, S. L., Loftus, B., Yandell, M., Majoros, W. H., Rusch, D. B., Lai, Z., Kraft, C. L., Abril, J. F., Anthouard, V., ... Hoffman, S. L. (2002). The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science, 298(5591), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076181

@article{964293a569904435b87207d3eb1399ec,

title = "The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae",

abstract = "Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ({"}dual haplotypes{"}) in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.",

author = "Holt, {R. A.} and {Mani Subramanian}, G. and A. Halpern and Sutton, {G. G.} and R. Charlab and Nusskern, {D. R.} and P. Wincker and Clark, {A. G.} and Ribeiro, {J. M.C.} and R. Wides and Salzberg, {S. L.} and B. Loftus and M. Yandell and Majoros, {W. H.} and Rusch, {D. B.} and Z. Lai and Kraft, {C. L.} and Abril, {J. F.} and V. Anthouard and P. Arensburger and Atkinson, {P. W.} and H. Baden and {de Berardinis}, V. and D. Baldwin and V. Benes and J. Biedler and C. Blass and R. Bolanos and D. Boscus and M. Barnstead and S. Cai and A. Center and K. Chatuverdi and Christophides, {G. K.} and Chrystal, {M. A.} and M. Clamp and A. Cravchik and V. Curwen and A. Dana and A. Delcher and I. Dew and Evans, {C. A.} and M. Flanigan and A. Grundschober-Freimoser and L. Friedli and Z. Gu and P. Guan and R. Guigo and Hillenmeyer, {M. E.} and Hladun, {S. L.} and Hogan, {J. R.} and Hong, {Y. S.} and J. Hoover and O. Jaillon and Z. Ke and C. Kodira and E. Kokoza and A. Koutsos and I. Letunic and A. Levitsky and Y. Liang and Lin, {J. J.} and Lobo, {N. F.} and Lopez, {J. R.} and Malek, {J. A.} and McIntosh, {T. C.} and S. Meister and J. Miller and C. Mobarry and E. Mongin and Murphy, {S. D.} and O'Brochta, {D. A.} and C. Pfannkoch and R. Qi and Regier, {M. A.} and K. Remington and H. Shao and Sharakhova, {M. V.} and Sitter, {C. D.} and J. Shetty and Smith, {T. J.} and R. Strong and J. Sun and D. Thomasova and Ton, {L. Q.} and P. Topalis and Z. Tu and Unger, {M. F.} and B. Walenz and A. Wang and J. Wang and M. Wang and X. Wang and Woodford, {K. J.} and Wortman, {J. R.} and M. Wu and A. Yao and Zdobnov, {E. M.} and H. Zhang and Q. Zhao and S. Zhao and Zhu, {S. C.} and I. Zhimulev and M. Coluzzi and {della Torre}, A. and Roth, {C. W.} and C. Louis and F. Kalush and Mural, {R. J.} and Myers, {E. W.} and Adams, {M. D.} and Smith, {H. O.} and S. Broder and Gardner, {M. J.} and Fraser, {C. M.} and E. Birney and P. Bork and Brey, {P. T.} and {Craig Venter}, J. and J. Weissenbach and Kafatos, {F. C.} and Collins, {F. H.} and Hoffman, {S. L.}",

year = "2002",

month = oct,

day = "4",

doi = "10.1126/science.1076181",

language = "אנגלית",

volume = "298",

pages = "129--149",

journal = "Science",

issn = "0036-8075",

publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",

number = "5591",

}

Holt, RA, Mani Subramanian, G, Halpern, A, Sutton, GG, Charlab, R, Nusskern, DR, Wincker, P, Clark, AG, Ribeiro, JMC, Wides, R, Salzberg, SL, Loftus, B, Yandell, M, Majoros, WH, Rusch, DB, Lai, Z, Kraft, CL, Abril, JF, Anthouard, V, Arensburger, P, Atkinson, PW, Baden, H, de Berardinis, V, Baldwin, D, Benes, V, Biedler, J, Blass, C, Bolanos, R, Boscus, D, Barnstead, M, Cai, S, Center, A, Chatuverdi, K, Christophides, GK, Chrystal, MA, Clamp, M, Cravchik, A, Curwen, V, Dana, A, Delcher, A, Dew, I, Evans, CA, Flanigan, M, Grundschober-Freimoser, A, Friedli, L, Gu, Z, Guan, P, Guigo, R, Hillenmeyer, ME, Hladun, SL, Hogan, JR, Hong, YS, Hoover, J, Jaillon, O, Ke, Z, Kodira, C, Kokoza, E, Koutsos, A, Letunic, I, Levitsky, A, Liang, Y, Lin, JJ, Lobo, NF, Lopez, JR, Malek, JA, McIntosh, TC, Meister, S, Miller, J, Mobarry, C, Mongin, E, Murphy, SD, O'Brochta, DA, Pfannkoch, C, Qi, R, Regier, MA, Remington, K, Shao, H, Sharakhova, MV, Sitter, CD, Shetty, J, Smith, TJ, Strong, R, Sun, J, Thomasova, D, Ton, LQ, Topalis, P, Tu, Z, Unger, MF, Walenz, B, Wang, A, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, X, Woodford, KJ, Wortman, JR, Wu, M, Yao, A, Zdobnov, EM, Zhang, H, Zhao, Q, Zhao, S, Zhu, SC, Zhimulev, I, Coluzzi, M, della Torre, A, Roth, CW, Louis, C, Kalush, F, Mural, RJ, Myers, EW, Adams, MD, Smith, HO, Broder, S, Gardner, MJ, Fraser, CM, Birney, E, Bork, P, Brey, PT, Craig Venter, J, Weissenbach, J, Kafatos, FC, Collins, FH & Hoffman, SL 2002, 'The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae', Science, vol. 298, no. 5591, pp. 129-149. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076181

TY - JOUR

T1 - The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

AU - Holt, R. A.

AU - Mani Subramanian, G.

AU - Halpern, A.

AU - Sutton, G. G.

AU - Charlab, R.

AU - Nusskern, D. R.

AU - Wincker, P.

AU - Clark, A. G.

AU - Ribeiro, J. M.C.

AU - Wides, R.

AU - Salzberg, S. L.

AU - Loftus, B.

AU - Yandell, M.

AU - Majoros, W. H.

AU - Rusch, D. B.

AU - Lai, Z.

AU - Kraft, C. L.

AU - Abril, J. F.

AU - Anthouard, V.

AU - Arensburger, P.

AU - Atkinson, P. W.

AU - Baden, H.

AU - de Berardinis, V.

AU - Baldwin, D.

AU - Benes, V.

AU - Biedler, J.

AU - Blass, C.

AU - Bolanos, R.

AU - Boscus, D.

AU - Barnstead, M.

AU - Cai, S.

AU - Center, A.

AU - Chatuverdi, K.

AU - Christophides, G. K.

AU - Chrystal, M. A.

AU - Clamp, M.

AU - Cravchik, A.

AU - Curwen, V.

AU - Dana, A.

AU - Delcher, A.

AU - Dew, I.

AU - Evans, C. A.

AU - Flanigan, M.

AU - Grundschober-Freimoser, A.

AU - Friedli, L.

AU - Gu, Z.

AU - Guan, P.

AU - Guigo, R.

AU - Hillenmeyer, M. E.

AU - Hladun, S. L.

AU - Hogan, J. R.

AU - Hong, Y. S.

AU - Hoover, J.

AU - Jaillon, O.

AU - Ke, Z.

AU - Kodira, C.

AU - Kokoza, E.

AU - Koutsos, A.

AU - Letunic, I.

AU - Levitsky, A.

AU - Liang, Y.

AU - Lin, J. J.

AU - Lobo, N. F.

AU - Lopez, J. R.

AU - Malek, J. A.

AU - McIntosh, T. C.

AU - Meister, S.

AU - Miller, J.

AU - Mobarry, C.

AU - Mongin, E.

AU - Murphy, S. D.

AU - O'Brochta, D. A.

AU - Pfannkoch, C.

AU - Qi, R.

AU - Regier, M. A.

AU - Remington, K.

AU - Shao, H.

AU - Sharakhova, M. V.

AU - Sitter, C. D.

AU - Shetty, J.

AU - Smith, T. J.

AU - Strong, R.

AU - Sun, J.

AU - Thomasova, D.

AU - Ton, L. Q.

AU - Topalis, P.

AU - Tu, Z.

AU - Unger, M. F.

AU - Walenz, B.

AU - Wang, A.

AU - Wang, J.

AU - Wang, M.

AU - Wang, X.

AU - Woodford, K. J.

AU - Wortman, J. R.

AU - Wu, M.

AU - Yao, A.

AU - Zdobnov, E. M.

AU - Zhang, H.

AU - Zhao, Q.

AU - Zhao, S.

AU - Zhu, S. C.

AU - Zhimulev, I.

AU - Coluzzi, M.

AU - della Torre, A.

AU - Roth, C. W.

AU - Louis, C.

AU - Kalush, F.

AU - Mural, R. J.

AU - Myers, E. W.

AU - Adams, M. D.

AU - Smith, H. O.

AU - Broder, S.

AU - Gardner, M. J.

AU - Fraser, C. M.

AU - Birney, E.

AU - Bork, P.

AU - Brey, P. T.

AU - Craig Venter, J.

AU - Weissenbach, J.

AU - Kafatos, F. C.

AU - Collins, F. H.

AU - Hoffman, S. L.

PY - 2002/10/4

Y1 - 2002/10/4

N2 - Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

AB - Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0037020114&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1126/science.1076181

DO - 10.1126/science.1076181

M3 - ???researchoutput.researchoutputtypes.contributiontojournal.article???

C2 - 12364791

AN - SCOPUS:0037020114

SN - 0036-8075

VL - 298

SP - 129

EP - 149

JO - Science

JF - Science

IS - 5591

ER -

The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

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Funding

UN SDGs

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