The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons

O. Adriani; G. C. Barbarino; G. A. Bazilevskaya; R. Bellotti; M. Boezio; E. A. Bogomolov; M. Bongi; V. Bonvicini; S. Borisov; S. Bottai; A. Bruno; F. Cafagna; D. Campana; R. Carbone; P. Carlson; M. Casolino; G. Castellini; L. Consiglio; M. P. De Pascale; C. De Santis; N. De Simone; V. Di Felice; A. M. Galper; W. Gillard; L. Grishantseva; G. Jerse; A. V. Karelin; M. D. Kheymits; S. V. Koldashov; S. Y. Krutkov; A. N. Kvashnin; A. Leonov; V. Malakhov; L. Marcelli; A. G. Mayorov; W. Menn; V. V. Mikhailov; E. Mocchiutti; A. Monaco; N. Mori; N. Nikonov; G. Osteria; F. Palma; P. Papini; M. Pearce; P. Picozza; C. Pizzolotto; M. Ricci; S. B. Ricciarini; L. Rossetto; R. Sarkar; M. Simon; R. Sparvoli; P. Spillantini; Y. I. Stozhkov; A. Vacchi; E. Vannuccini; G. Vasilyev; S. A. Voronov; Y. T. Yurkin; J. Wu; G. Zampa; N. Zampa; V. G. Zverev

doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29

The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons

O. Adriani
, G. C. Barbarino
, G. A. Bazilevskaya
, R. Bellotti
, M. Boezio
, E. A. Bogomolov
, M. Bongi
, V. Bonvicini
, S. Borisov
, S. Bottai
, A. Bruno
, F. Cafagna
, D. Campana
, R. Carbone
, P. Carlson
, M. Casolino
, G. Castellini
, L. Consiglio
, M. P. De Pascale
, C. De Santis

N. De Simone, V. Di Felice, A. M. Galper, W. Gillard, L. Grishantseva, G. Jerse, A. V. Karelin, M. D. Kheymits, S. V. Koldashov, S. Y. Krutkov, A. N. Kvashnin, A. Leonov, V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, A. G. Mayorov, W. Menn, V. V. Mikhailov, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, N. Nikonov, G. Osteria, F. Palma, P. Papini, M. Pearce, P. Picozza, C. Pizzolotto, M. Ricci, S. B. Ricciarini, L. Rossetto, R. Sarkar, M. Simon, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, Y. I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, G. Vasilyev, S. A. Voronov, Y. T. Yurkin, J. Wu, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, V. G. Zverev

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

49 Scopus citations

Abstract

The existence of a significant flux of antiprotons confined to Earth's magnetosphere has been considered in several theoretical works. These antiparticles are produced in nuclear interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the terrestrial atmosphere and accumulate in the geomagnetic field at altitudes of several hundred kilometers. A contribution from the decay of albedo antineutrons has been hypothesized in analogy to proton production by neutron decay, which constitutes the main source of trapped protons at energies above some tens of MeV. This Letter reports the discovery of an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth. The trapped antiproton energy spectrum in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region has been measured by the PAMELA experiment for the kinetic energy range 60-750MeV. A measurement of the atmospheric sub-cutoff antiproton spectrum outside the radiation belts is also reported. PAMELA data show that the magnetospheric antiproton flux in the SAA exceeds the cosmic-ray antiproton flux by three orders of magnitude at the present solar minimum, and exceeds the sub-cutoff antiproton flux outside radiation belts by four orders of magnitude, constituting the most abundant source of antiprotons near the Earth.

Original language	English
Article number	L29
Journal	Astrophysical Journal Letters
Volume	737
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29
State	Published - 20 Aug 2011
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82171285), the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2021YJ0433), and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant No. ZYGD18009). We are grateful to Dr. Meng Liu at West China Hospital, Sichuan University for her help with preparing data in Table 1.

Funding

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82171285), the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2021YJ0433), and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant No. ZYGD18009). We are grateful to Dr. Meng Liu at West China Hospital, Sichuan University for her help with preparing data in Table 1.

Funders	Funder number
National Natural Science Foundation of China	82171285
Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province	2021YJ0433
Sichuan University	ZYGD18009
West China Hospital, Sichuan University

Keywords

atmospheric effects
cosmic rays
elementary particles
magnetic fields
space vehicles

Access to Document

10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29

Cite this

Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Borisov, S., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Consiglio, L., De Pascale, M. P., ... Zverev, V. G. (2011). The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 737(2), Article L29. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29

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title = "The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons",

abstract = "The existence of a significant flux of antiprotons confined to Earth's magnetosphere has been considered in several theoretical works. These antiparticles are produced in nuclear interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the terrestrial atmosphere and accumulate in the geomagnetic field at altitudes of several hundred kilometers. A contribution from the decay of albedo antineutrons has been hypothesized in analogy to proton production by neutron decay, which constitutes the main source of trapped protons at energies above some tens of MeV. This Letter reports the discovery of an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth. The trapped antiproton energy spectrum in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region has been measured by the PAMELA experiment for the kinetic energy range 60-750MeV. A measurement of the atmospheric sub-cutoff antiproton spectrum outside the radiation belts is also reported. PAMELA data show that the magnetospheric antiproton flux in the SAA exceeds the cosmic-ray antiproton flux by three orders of magnitude at the present solar minimum, and exceeds the sub-cutoff antiproton flux outside radiation belts by four orders of magnitude, constituting the most abundant source of antiprotons near the Earth.",

keywords = "atmospheric effects, cosmic rays, elementary particles, magnetic fields, space vehicles",

author = "O. Adriani and Barbarino, \{G. C.\} and Bazilevskaya, \{G. A.\} and R. Bellotti and M. Boezio and Bogomolov, \{E. A.\} and M. Bongi and V. Bonvicini and S. Borisov and S. Bottai and A. Bruno and F. Cafagna and D. Campana and R. Carbone and P. Carlson and M. Casolino and G. Castellini and L. Consiglio and \{De Pascale\}, \{M. P.\} and \{De Santis\}, C. and \{De Simone\}, N. and \{Di Felice\}, V. and Galper, \{A. M.\} and W. Gillard and L. Grishantseva and G. Jerse and Karelin, \{A. V.\} and Kheymits, \{M. D.\} and Koldashov, \{S. V.\} and Krutkov, \{S. Y.\} and Kvashnin, \{A. N.\} and A. Leonov and V. Malakhov and L. Marcelli and Mayorov, \{A. G.\} and W. Menn and Mikhailov, \{V. V.\} and E. Mocchiutti and A. Monaco and N. Mori and N. Nikonov and G. Osteria and F. Palma and P. Papini and M. Pearce and P. Picozza and C. Pizzolotto and M. Ricci and Ricciarini, \{S. B.\} and L. Rossetto and R. Sarkar and M. Simon and R. Sparvoli and P. Spillantini and Stozhkov, \{Y. I.\} and A. Vacchi and E. Vannuccini and G. Vasilyev and Voronov, \{S. A.\} and Yurkin, \{Y. T.\} and J. Wu and G. Zampa and N. Zampa and Zverev, \{V. G.\}",

note = "Funding Information: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82171285), the Science \& Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2021YJ0433), and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant No. ZYGD18009). We are grateful to Dr. Meng Liu at West China Hospital, Sichuan University for her help with preparing data in Table 1.",

year = "2011",

month = aug,

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doi = "10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29",

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volume = "737",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal Letters",

issn = "2041-8205",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

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Adriani, O, Barbarino, GC, Bazilevskaya, GA, Bellotti, R, Boezio, M, Bogomolov, EA, Bongi, M, Bonvicini, V, Borisov, S, Bottai, S, Bruno, A, Cafagna, F, Campana, D, Carbone, R, Carlson, P, Casolino, M, Castellini, G, Consiglio, L, De Pascale, MP, De Santis, C, De Simone, N, Di Felice, V, Galper, AM, Gillard, W, Grishantseva, L, Jerse, G, Karelin, AV, Kheymits, MD, Koldashov, SV, Krutkov, SY, Kvashnin, AN, Leonov, A, Malakhov, V, Marcelli, L, Mayorov, AG, Menn, W, Mikhailov, VV, Mocchiutti, E, Monaco, A, Mori, N, Nikonov, N, Osteria, G, Palma, F, Papini, P, Pearce, M, Picozza, P, Pizzolotto, C, Ricci, M, Ricciarini, SB, Rossetto, L, Sarkar, R, Simon, M, Sparvoli, R, Spillantini, P, Stozhkov, YI, Vacchi, A, Vannuccini, E, Vasilyev, G, Voronov, SA, Yurkin, YT, Wu, J, Zampa, G, Zampa, N & Zverev, VG 2011, 'The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons', Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 737, no. 2, L29. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29

TY - JOUR

T1 - The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons

AU - Adriani, O.

AU - Barbarino, G. C.

AU - Bazilevskaya, G. A.

AU - Bellotti, R.

AU - Boezio, M.

AU - Bogomolov, E. A.

AU - Bongi, M.

AU - Bonvicini, V.

AU - Borisov, S.

AU - Bottai, S.

AU - Bruno, A.

AU - Cafagna, F.

AU - Campana, D.

AU - Carbone, R.

AU - Carlson, P.

AU - Casolino, M.

AU - Castellini, G.

AU - Consiglio, L.

AU - De Pascale, M. P.

AU - De Santis, C.

AU - De Simone, N.

AU - Di Felice, V.

AU - Galper, A. M.

AU - Gillard, W.

AU - Grishantseva, L.

AU - Jerse, G.

AU - Karelin, A. V.

AU - Kheymits, M. D.

AU - Koldashov, S. V.

AU - Krutkov, S. Y.

AU - Kvashnin, A. N.

AU - Leonov, A.

AU - Malakhov, V.

AU - Marcelli, L.

AU - Mayorov, A. G.

AU - Menn, W.

AU - Mikhailov, V. V.

AU - Mocchiutti, E.

AU - Monaco, A.

AU - Mori, N.

AU - Nikonov, N.

AU - Osteria, G.

AU - Palma, F.

AU - Papini, P.

AU - Pearce, M.

AU - Picozza, P.

AU - Pizzolotto, C.

AU - Ricci, M.

AU - Ricciarini, S. B.

AU - Rossetto, L.

AU - Sarkar, R.

AU - Simon, M.

AU - Sparvoli, R.

AU - Spillantini, P.

AU - Stozhkov, Y. I.

AU - Vacchi, A.

AU - Vannuccini, E.

AU - Vasilyev, G.

AU - Voronov, S. A.

AU - Yurkin, Y. T.

AU - Wu, J.

AU - Zampa, G.

AU - Zampa, N.

AU - Zverev, V. G.

N1 - Funding Information: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82171285), the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2021YJ0433), and the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant No. ZYGD18009). We are grateful to Dr. Meng Liu at West China Hospital, Sichuan University for her help with preparing data in Table 1.

PY - 2011/8/20

Y1 - 2011/8/20

N2 - The existence of a significant flux of antiprotons confined to Earth's magnetosphere has been considered in several theoretical works. These antiparticles are produced in nuclear interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the terrestrial atmosphere and accumulate in the geomagnetic field at altitudes of several hundred kilometers. A contribution from the decay of albedo antineutrons has been hypothesized in analogy to proton production by neutron decay, which constitutes the main source of trapped protons at energies above some tens of MeV. This Letter reports the discovery of an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth. The trapped antiproton energy spectrum in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region has been measured by the PAMELA experiment for the kinetic energy range 60-750MeV. A measurement of the atmospheric sub-cutoff antiproton spectrum outside the radiation belts is also reported. PAMELA data show that the magnetospheric antiproton flux in the SAA exceeds the cosmic-ray antiproton flux by three orders of magnitude at the present solar minimum, and exceeds the sub-cutoff antiproton flux outside radiation belts by four orders of magnitude, constituting the most abundant source of antiprotons near the Earth.

AB - The existence of a significant flux of antiprotons confined to Earth's magnetosphere has been considered in several theoretical works. These antiparticles are produced in nuclear interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the terrestrial atmosphere and accumulate in the geomagnetic field at altitudes of several hundred kilometers. A contribution from the decay of albedo antineutrons has been hypothesized in analogy to proton production by neutron decay, which constitutes the main source of trapped protons at energies above some tens of MeV. This Letter reports the discovery of an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth. The trapped antiproton energy spectrum in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region has been measured by the PAMELA experiment for the kinetic energy range 60-750MeV. A measurement of the atmospheric sub-cutoff antiproton spectrum outside the radiation belts is also reported. PAMELA data show that the magnetospheric antiproton flux in the SAA exceeds the cosmic-ray antiproton flux by three orders of magnitude at the present solar minimum, and exceeds the sub-cutoff antiproton flux outside radiation belts by four orders of magnitude, constituting the most abundant source of antiprotons near the Earth.

KW - atmospheric effects

KW - cosmic rays

KW - elementary particles

KW - magnetic fields

KW - space vehicles

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/80051780010

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DO - 10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L29

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AN - SCOPUS:80051780010

SN - 2041-8205

VL - 737

JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters

JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters

IS - 2

M1 - L29

ER -

The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic-ray antiprotons

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

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