Temporal trends in all-cause mortality of smokers versus non-smokers hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Background/objectives Over the past decade, the development of novel management strategies has resulted in improved outcomes among patients hospitalized with ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of the present study was to compare temporal trends in the mortality of smokers versus non-smokers admitted with STEMI in a real world setting between 2000 and 2010. Methods We evaluated time-dependent changes in the clinical characteristics, management strategies, and one year all-cause mortality of STEMI patients who were enrolled in the biannual Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey (ACSIS) between 2000 and 2010, categorized as smokers (n = 2399) and non-smokers (n = 3069). We divided the survey periods into early (2000-2004) and late (2006-2010). The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of one-year all-cause mortality. Results A total of 4564 STEMI patients were enrolled in the study. Compared with non-smokers, smokers were significantly younger and displayed a significantly lower rate of all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1-year. Both smokers and non-smokers who were enrolled in the late survey period received more evidence-based therapies (primary PCI and guideline-based medications) (p < 0.001 for all). There was a significant reduction in the risk of 1-year all-cause mortality only among non-smokers (HR = 0.664 CI 95% 0.52-0.85, p = 0.0009), whereas smokers who were enrolled in more recent survey periods did not display a significant risk reduction (HR = 1.08 CI 95% 0.77-1.51, p = 0.67). Conclusion Survival following STEMI among smokers has not improved over the past decade despite corresponding changes in management strategies. Future trials should focus on reducing the risk in smokers.