Spanish, Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese, Judaeo-Spanish

After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Spanish (including Latin American varieties), Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese and Judaeo-Spanish. Vowels Consonants; Stops; Affricate /ʧ/; Fricatives; Nasals; Laterals; Rhotics; /ʝ/ and initial [w-]; Prosody; Syllable structure; Stress and rhythm; Intonation; Orthography; Morphology; Nominal group; Nouns and adjectives; Determiners, possessives, quantifiers, interrogatives; Pronouns; Count/non-count referential systems; Verbal group; Conjugations; Inflection; Verb roots; Derivational morphology; word-formation processes; Nominal group; Pronominals; Tense, aspect, and mood; Copulas; Adverbs; Negation; Passive and middle voice; Clause; Prepositional accusative; Relative clauses; Dequeísmo/queísmo; Sentence organization and information structure.