Silica-Based Microencapsulation of Phase Change Materials for Efficient Thermal Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a key component for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of energy systems, especially in renewable energy integration and building energy management. Phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted considerable attention for storing and releasing large amounts of latent heat during phase transitions owing to their high energy density. This review comprehensively explores the development of silica-based microencapsulation methods for PCMs, focusing on their synthesis methods, thermal performances, and practical applications. Key encapsulation approaches, such as sol–gel processes, spray drying, and interfacial polymerization, are discussed, along with their effects on the thermal conductivity, encapsulation efficiency, and energy storage capacity. This review also highlights a critical analysis of the challenges, such as scalability, cost, and environmental concerns associated with synthesis methods. This review aims to guide future research that emphasizes the importance of suitable manufacturing technologies and the development of innovative components of TES systems based on silica-encapsulated PCMs to achieve optimal thermal management in environmentally sustainable construction. Despite the significant potential of silica-based PCMs for thermal energy storage, their applications remain limited in the current literature.