TY - JOUR
T1 - Roadmap on multivalent batteries
AU - Palacin, M. Rosa
AU - Johansson, Patrik
AU - Dominko, Robert
AU - Dlugatch, Ben
AU - Aurbach, Doron
AU - Li, Zhenyou
AU - Fichtner, Maximilian
AU - Lužanin, Olivera
AU - Bitenc, Jan
AU - Wei, Zhixuan
AU - Glaser, Clarissa
AU - Janek, Jürgen
AU - Fernández-Barquín, Ana
AU - Mainar, Aroa R.
AU - Leonet, Olatz
AU - Urdampilleta, Idoia
AU - Blázquez, J. Alberto
AU - Tchitchekova, Deyana S.
AU - Ponrouch, Alexandre
AU - Canepa, Pieremanuele
AU - Gautam, Gopalakrishnan Sai
AU - Casilda, Raúl San Román Gallego
AU - Martinez-Cisneros, Cynthia S.
AU - Torres, Nieves Ureña
AU - Varez, Alejandro
AU - Sanchez, Jean Yves
AU - Kravchyk, Kostiantyn V.
AU - Kovalenko, Maksym V.
AU - Teck, Anastasia A.
AU - Shiel, Huw
AU - Stephens, Ifan E.L.
AU - Ryan, Mary P.
AU - Zemlyanushin, Eugen
AU - Dsoke, Sonia
AU - Grieco, Rebecca
AU - Patil, Nagaraj
AU - Marcilla, Rebeca
AU - Gao, Xuan
AU - Carmalt, Claire J.
AU - He, Guanjie
AU - Titirici, Maria Magdalena
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
PY - 2024/7/1
Y1 - 2024/7/1
N2 - Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.
AB - Battery technologies based in multivalent charge carriers with ideally two or three electrons transferred per ion exchanged between the electrodes have large promises in raw performance numbers, most often expressed as high energy density, and are also ideally based on raw materials that are widely abundant and less expensive. Yet, these are still globally in their infancy, with some concepts (e.g. Mg metal) being more technologically mature. The challenges to address are derived on one side from the highly polarizing nature of multivalent ions when compared to single valent concepts such as Li+ or Na+ present in Li-ion or Na-ion batteries, and on the other, from the difficulties in achieving efficient metal plating/stripping (which remains the holy grail for lithium). Nonetheless, research performed to date has given some fruits and a clearer view of the challenges ahead. These include technological topics (production of thin and ductile metal foil anodes) but also chemical aspects (electrolytes with high conductivity enabling efficient plating/stripping) or high-capacity cathodes with suitable kinetics (better inorganic hosts for intercalation of such highly polarizable multivalent ions). This roadmap provides an extensive review by experts in the different technologies, which exhibit similarities but also striking differences, of the current state of the art in 2023 and the research directions and strategies currently underway to develop multivalent batteries. The aim is to provide an opinion with respect to the current challenges, potential bottlenecks, and also emerging opportunities for their practical deployment.
KW - batteries
KW - energy storage
KW - multivalent
KW - multivalent batteries
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85191645133&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1088/2515-7655/ad34fc
DO - 10.1088/2515-7655/ad34fc
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AN - SCOPUS:85191645133
SN - 2515-7655
VL - 6
JO - JPhys Energy
JF - JPhys Energy
IS - 3
M1 - 031501
ER -