Prevention of organophosphate-induced chronic epilepsy by early benzodiazepine treatment

Shai Shrot, Erez Ramaty, Yoav Biala, Guy Bar-Klein, Moshe Daninos, Lyn Kamintsky, Igor Makarovsky, Liran Statlender, Yossi Rosman, Amir Krivoy, Ophir Lavon, Michael Kassirer, Alon Friedman, Yoel Yaari

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

35 Scopus citations

Abstract

Poisoning with organophosphates (OPs) may induce status epilepticus (SE), leading to severe brain damage. Our objectives were to investigate whether OP-induced SE leads to the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs), the hallmark of chronic epilepsy, and if so, to assess the efficacy of benzodiazepine therapy following SE onset in preventing the epileptogenesis. We also explored early changes in hippocampal pyramidal cells excitability in this model. Adult rats were poisoned with the paraoxon (450. μg/kg) and immediately treated with atropine (3. mg/kg) and obidoxime (20. mg/kg) to reduce acute mortality due to peripheral acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Electrical brain activity was assessed for two weeks during weeks 4-6 after poisoning using telemetric electrocorticographic intracranial recordings. All OP-poisoned animals developed SE, which could be suppressed by midazolam. Most (88%) rats which were not treated with midazolam developed SRSs, indicating that they have become chronically epileptic. Application of midazolam 1. min following SE onset had a significant antiepileptogenic effect (only 11% of the rats became epileptic; p= 0.001 compared to non-midazolam-treated rats). Applying midazolam 30. min after SE onset did not significantly prevent chronic epilepsy. The electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal cells, assessed electrophysiologically in hippocampal slices, were not altered by OP-induced SE. Thus we show for the first time that a single episode of OP-induced SE in rats leads to the acquisition of chronic epilepsy, and that this epileptogenic outcome can be largely prevented by immediate, but not delayed, administration of midazolam. Extrapolating these results to humans would suggest that midazolam should be provided together with atropine and an oxime in the immediate pharmacological treatment of OP poisoning.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)19-25
Number of pages7
JournalToxicology
Volume323
DOIs
StatePublished - 2 Sep 2014
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Corps of the Israeli Defense Force . YB, MD and YY were supported by the Henri and Erna Leir Chair for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases .

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the Medical Corps of the Israeli Defense Force . YB, MD and YY were supported by the Henri and Erna Leir Chair for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases .

FundersFunder number
Henri and Erna Leir Chair for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Medical Corps of the Israeli Defense Force

    Keywords

    • Epileptogenesis
    • Midazolam
    • Neurotoxicity
    • Paraoxon
    • Pesticide
    • Poisoning

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