TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimization of bio-diesel production from oils, cooking oils, microalgae, and castor and jatropha seeds
T2 - Probing various heating sources and catalysts
AU - Koberg, Miri
AU - Gedanken, Aharon
PY - 2012/6
Y1 - 2012/6
N2 - The optimization of bio-diesel production depends on numerous parameters such as renewable biological triglyceride sources, type of catalyst and alcohol for the transesterification reaction, molar ratio of oil-alcohol, and heating sources. In this review we will highlight the use of microwave (MW) radiation for bio-diesel production and its advantage over other heating sources, starting with a comparison between the two-stage method consisting of oil extraction (the first step) and bio-diesel production by transesterification (the second step), with a one-stage method that provides direct transesterification of a feed-stock without the extraction step. A comparison will be made for the one- and two-stage methods performed under microwave heating, sonication, and reflux using SrO, KOH, and NaOH catalysts for bio-diesel production. The various feed-stocks reviewed in this perspective are triolein, soybean oil, microalgae biomass of Nannochloropsis, and castor and jatropha seeds. The extension of the microwave-heating methodology to continuous-flow processing has been used to scale up the reaction. Moreover, the presented continuous-flow bio-diesel preparation is done via a novel laminar flow reactor-separator. This instrument not only enables to scale up the reaction, but also allows glycerol as a byproduct to phase separate and settle from the reacting flow.
AB - The optimization of bio-diesel production depends on numerous parameters such as renewable biological triglyceride sources, type of catalyst and alcohol for the transesterification reaction, molar ratio of oil-alcohol, and heating sources. In this review we will highlight the use of microwave (MW) radiation for bio-diesel production and its advantage over other heating sources, starting with a comparison between the two-stage method consisting of oil extraction (the first step) and bio-diesel production by transesterification (the second step), with a one-stage method that provides direct transesterification of a feed-stock without the extraction step. A comparison will be made for the one- and two-stage methods performed under microwave heating, sonication, and reflux using SrO, KOH, and NaOH catalysts for bio-diesel production. The various feed-stocks reviewed in this perspective are triolein, soybean oil, microalgae biomass of Nannochloropsis, and castor and jatropha seeds. The extension of the microwave-heating methodology to continuous-flow processing has been used to scale up the reaction. Moreover, the presented continuous-flow bio-diesel preparation is done via a novel laminar flow reactor-separator. This instrument not only enables to scale up the reaction, but also allows glycerol as a byproduct to phase separate and settle from the reacting flow.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84864208701&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1039/c2ee03530h
DO - 10.1039/c2ee03530h
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AN - SCOPUS:84864208701
SN - 1754-5692
VL - 5
SP - 7460
EP - 7469
JO - Energy and Environmental Science
JF - Energy and Environmental Science
IS - 6
ER -