O okolicznościach ustanowienia warszawskiego Judenratu: nowy punkt widzenia [The circumstances of the establishment of Warsaw's Judenrat: a new point of view]

Discusses views of Holocaust historians concerning the Judenräte (e.g. Raul Hilberg, Isaiah Trunk), who state that it was established by the Germans to facilitate the extermination of the Jews. Argues that the idea of a Jewish "headship" (and not leadership) was conceived much earlier, when the Nazis decided that Jews could remain in Germany only as members of one united organization, so that they could be dealt with collectively. The first reorganization of Jewish communities took place in Vienna, Prague, and Gdańsk. The Judenräte in Poland were organized by SS officers from the Einsatzgruppen. Discusses the Judenrat in Warsaw, established in the first days of the occupation. The establishment of the Jewish Councils was an idea put forward early in the war by SS experts in Jewish affairs, to help the occupation forces control the Jewish communities.