Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation for the study of memory

Memory, a complex process essential for learning, decision-making, and daily functioning, plays a critical role in maintaining quality of life. Deficits in memory can impair task execution, social interactions, and independence. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques offer promising solutions to enhance memory performance by targeting specific brain regions involved in memory processes. Methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), and Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) have shown potential in modulating neural activity and improving memory across various domains. Research has demonstrated that NIBS can influence short-term, long-term, and procedural memory, particularly in older adults, through mechanisms of neuroplasticity. While some studies highlight the efficacy of these techniques in improving memory performance, others show mixed outcomes depending on stimulation parameters, target areas, and individual differences. This review delves into the current understanding of NIBS and its role in memory enhancement, offering insights into the potential therapeutic applications of these techniques in addressing cognitive decline. However, further research is necessary to optimize stimulation protocols and understand the long-term effects of NIBS interventions.