Language Planning and Policy: Models

The language policy of a speech community consists of the commonly agreed-upon set of choices of language items or language varieties and the ideologies associated with those choices. It can be found in language practices and beliefs or in formal policy decisions such as laws, constitutions, or regulations. Language management, planning, and cultivation are actions taken by governments or other agencies or people with authority to modify the language choices made by those under their control. Language management has three components: the development of explicit language plans and policies, their implementation (by rules or laws or resource allocation), and the evaluation of results and effects.