"Judenräte" und "Judenvereinigungen" unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft: Aufbau und Anwendung eines verwaltungsmässigen Konzepts

Distinguishes two types of Jewish community organization under Nazi rule: the Jewish council and the Jewish union. The "council" was imposed by the SS and was totally dependent on it, an instrument to carry out its policy. Characterizes this type of organization by the term "headship". Such a council was first formed in Vienna and subsequently in towns in Eastern Europe and the Netherlands. The "union", a compromise between the SS and other authorities, was countrywide, was based on law and subject to the civil authorities, and functioned more democratically; its aims included the welfare of its constituents. Describes it by the term "leadership". This type existed in Germany itself, and in Belgium, France, and the satellite states. Frank in Poland and Seyss-Inquart in the Netherlands envisaged this type of union, but the SS in those countries prevailed. Concludes that the extent of collaboration with the Nazis depended not so much on the moral character of the Jewish functionaries as on the type of organization involved.