Abstract
A key finding of the ENCODE project is that the enhancer landscape of mammalian cells undergoes marked alterations during ontogeny. However, the nature and extent of these changes are unclear. As part of the NIH Mouse Regulome Project, we here combined DNaseI hypersensitivity, ChIP-seq, and ChIA-PET technologies to map the promoter-enhancer interactomes of pluripotent ES cells and differentiated B lymphocytes. We confirm that enhancer usage varies widely across tissues. Unexpectedly, we find that this feature extends to broadly transcribed genes, including Myc and Pim1 cell-cycle regulators, which associate with an entirely different set of enhancers in ES and B cells. By means of high-resolution CpG methylomes, genome editing, and digital footprinting, we show that these enhancers recruit lineage-determining factors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the turning on and off of enhancers during development correlates with promoter activity. We propose that organisms rely on a dynamic enhancer landscape to control basic cellular functions in a tissue-specific manner.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 1507-1520 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | Cell |
Volume | 155 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 19 Dec 2013 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:We thank Kefei Yu for CH12 cells and protocols; J. Simone and J. Lay for cell sorting; G. Gutierrez for technical assistance with Illumina analyzer. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIAMS and NCI, and internal Jackson Laboratory fund JAX19020120 to Y.R. J.K.J. was supported by NIH grants DP1 GM105378 and P50 HG005550, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency grant W911NF-11-2-0056 and The Jim and Ann Orr Massachusetts General Hospital Research Scholar Award. J.Q. was supported by the NIH UGSP program. All animal experiments were performed according to NIH guidelines. High-performance computation was performed using NIH Helix Systems ( http://helix.nih.gov ). J.K.J. has a financial interest in Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals. J.K.J.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.
Funding
We thank Kefei Yu for CH12 cells and protocols; J. Simone and J. Lay for cell sorting; G. Gutierrez for technical assistance with Illumina analyzer. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIAMS and NCI, and internal Jackson Laboratory fund JAX19020120 to Y.R. J.K.J. was supported by NIH grants DP1 GM105378 and P50 HG005550, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency grant W911NF-11-2-0056 and The Jim and Ann Orr Massachusetts General Hospital Research Scholar Award. J.Q. was supported by the NIH UGSP program. All animal experiments were performed according to NIH guidelines. High-performance computation was performed using NIH Helix Systems ( http://helix.nih.gov ). J.K.J. has a financial interest in Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals. J.K.J.’s interests were reviewed and are managed by Massachusetts General Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.
Funders | Funder number |
---|---|
Ann Orr Massachusetts General Hospital | |
National Institutes of Health | P50 HG005550, DP1 GM105378 |
National Cancer Institute | JAX19020120 |
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases | ZIAAR041148 |
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency | W911NF-11-2-0056 |