Abstract
The present study reviews the social facilitation literature and identifies two overarching responses to social presence: negative-apprehensive and positive-self-assured. These responses correspond to two general orientations toward the social environment described in current personality literature: a negative orientation, comprised of neuroticism and low self-esteem; and a positive orientation, comprised of extraversion and high self-esteem. A meta-analysis reveals that social presence is associated with performance impairment for negatively oriented individuals, and with performance improvement for positively oriented individuals. Additional analysis reveals that personality is a more substantial moderator of the effect of social presence than is task complexity. The results of this study open a new avenue in the research on social facilitation, encouraging a closer inspection of the meaning that various individuals attribute to social presence.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 579-601 |
| Number of pages | 23 |
| Journal | Journal of Research in Personality |
| Volume | 41 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 2007 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:I wish to thank Avraham N. Kluger, Liat Levontin, Dina Nir, and Sigal Uziel-Karl for helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and Merav Guri for assistance with data collection. Portions of this research were presented at the 12th European Conference on Personality (July 2004, Groningen, the Netherlands), and at the 2005 meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (January 2005, New Orleans, LA). This research is part of a doctoral dissertation and was supported by an ARI contract # DASW01-04-K-0001 to the dissertation advisor, Avraham N. Kluger. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this paper are those of the author and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision. The research was also supported by a grant from the Israel Foundations Trustees.
Funding
I wish to thank Avraham N. Kluger, Liat Levontin, Dina Nir, and Sigal Uziel-Karl for helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and Merav Guri for assistance with data collection. Portions of this research were presented at the 12th European Conference on Personality (July 2004, Groningen, the Netherlands), and at the 2005 meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (January 2005, New Orleans, LA). This research is part of a doctoral dissertation and was supported by an ARI contract # DASW01-04-K-0001 to the dissertation advisor, Avraham N. Kluger. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this paper are those of the author and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision. The research was also supported by a grant from the Israel Foundations Trustees.
| Funders |
|---|
| Israel Foundations Trustees |
Keywords
- Audience
- Co-action
- Extraversion
- Individual differences
- Meta-analysis
- Neuroticism
- Personality
- Self-esteem
- Social facilitation
- Social presence
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