In the Shadow of Doubt: Expertise, Knowledge, and Systematization in Rabbinic Purity Laws

This article revisits rabbinic laws of menstrual impurity by comparing them to the parallel laws of male impurity. The prevailing scholarly paradigm has examined menstrual purity laws through the lens of cultural criticism and gender analysis, demonstrating that the sages molded the legal discourse of this field to construct their own authority vis-à-vis the women they describe. By contrast, this article argues that a comparison of menstrual impurity laws with the laws of male impurities discloses substantial parallels that have not been sufficiently explored. This comparison demonstrates that the rabbis developed similar legal categories for both men and women, revealing more about their systematic legal thinking than about their gender economy. Tracing the development of both male and female impurities through rabbinic sources thus has the potential to uncover not only the gendered constructions engaged by the rabbis, but also fundamental rabbinic ideas about the body, legal knowledge, and rabbinic expertise.