Abstract
The virial theorem, and the equipartition theorem in the case of quadratic degrees of freedom, are handy constraints on the statistics of equilibrium systems. Their violation is instrumental in determining how far from equilibrium a driven system might be. We extend the virial theorem to nonequilibrium conditions for Langevin dynamics with nonlinear friction and multiplicative noise. In particular, we generalize it for confined laser-cooled atoms in the semiclassical regime. The resulting relation between the lowest moments of the atom position and velocity allows to measure in experiments how dissipative the cooling mechanism is. Moreover, its violation can reveal the departure from a strictly harmonic confinement or from the semiclassical regime.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 024143 |
Journal | Physical Review E |
Volume | 105 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1 Feb 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2022 American Physical Society.
Funding
The support of Israel Science Foundation's grant is acknowledged (E.B.).
Funders | Funder number |
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Israel Science Foundation |