Fuel cell technologies in the automotive sector: A focus on proton exchange membrane and Alkaline fuel cells

The automotive industry currently relies heavily on internal combustion engine (ICE) technology, which consumes large amounts of fossil fuels and significantly contributes to global environmental degradation and the ongoing energy crisis. As a result, automotive manufacturers are increasingly compelled to explore alternative green energy sources for vehicle propulsion. In this context, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have emerged as a promising solution in the transition towards clean and sustainable transportation. This review article focuses on the development and application of fuel cell technologies specifically Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) as viable alternatives for the future of the automotive industry. We provide a detailed comparative analysis of the utility, efficiency, and development status of both PEMFCs and AFCs. Our findings suggest that PEMFCs are well-positioned to lead the future of transportation, mobile power systems, and stationary energy applications, owing to their high-power density and low operating temperatures. However, realizing their full potential will require advancements in hydrogen infrastructure and cost reduction of key materials. In contrast, AFCs offer benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness and simplicity of design, making them suitable for energy storage systems and niche markets. Nonetheless, wider adoption of AFCs will depend on overcoming challenges such as CO₂ sensitivity and improving their long-term operational durability. Additionally, this review highlights key parameters—including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges (SWOC analysis) affecting the development and deployment of fuel cell vehicles. We also compare FCEVs with battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs), emphasizing the environmental concern that electricity production for battery charging still carries a significant carbon footprint. Given these considerations, PEMFC-based fuel cells present a more compatible and scalable solution for the automotive sector, particularly for heavy commercial vehicles, which demand robust and efficient power systems. Looking forward, AFC technology also holds potential for integration into automotive applications as advancements continue. We believe this review contributes to the growing body of research aimed at accelerating the adoption of clean and sustainable vehicle technologies, helping to shape a greener future for the global transportation industry.