Abstract
Fast charging is considered to be a key requirement for widespread economic success of electric vehicles. Current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) offer high energy density enabling sufficient driving range, but take considerably longer to recharge than traditional vehicles. Multiple properties of the applied anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials influence the fast-charging ability of a battery cell. In this review, the physicochemical basics of different material combinations are considered in detail, identifying the transport of lithium inside the electrodes as the crucial rate-limiting steps for fast-charging. Lithium diffusion within the active materials inherently slows down the charging process and causes high overpotentials. In addition, concentration polarization by slow lithium-ion transport within the electrolyte phase in the porous electrodes also limits the charging rate. Both kinetic effects are responsible for lithium plating observed on graphite anodes. Conclusions drawn from potential and concentration profiles within LIB cells are complemented by extensive literature surveys on anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials—including solid-state batteries. The advantages and disadvantages of typical LIB materials are analyzed, resulting in suggestions for optimum properties on the material and electrode level for fast-charging applications. Finally, limitations on the cell level are discussed briefly as well.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 2101126 |
Journal | Advanced Energy Materials |
Volume | 11 |
Issue number | 33 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2 Sep 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2021 The Authors. Advanced Energy Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH
Funding
The authors thank Joachim Sann (JLU) for fruitful discussions and Raimund Koerver (BMW AG), Dominik Weber (Volkswagen AG), and Andreas Fischer (BASF SE) for critical comments on the manuscript. Financial support is highly appreciated and acknowledged from the following entities and foundations: the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) within GIBS 4 bi-national workshop, ELONGATE (03XP0248), FestBatt (03XP0180), LiMetalFreeSSiBAT (03XP0141), and by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) within the Structur.e (03ETE018E) project, the Israeli Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), the Planning & Budgeting Committee/Israel Council for Higher Education (CHE), and Fuel Choice Initiative (Prime Minister Office) within the framework of “Israel National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion” (INREP 2) and by the Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP). Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The authors thank Joachim Sann (JLU) for fruitful discussions and Raimund Koerver (BMW AG), Dominik Weber (Volkswagen AG), and Andreas Fischer (BASF SE) for critical comments on the manuscript. Financial support is highly appreciated and acknowledged from the following entities and foundations: the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) within GIBS 4 bi‐national workshop, ELONGATE (03XP0248), FestBatt (03XP0180), LiMetalFreeSSiBAT (03XP0141), and by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) within the Structur.e (03ETE018E) project, the Israeli Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), the Planning & Budgeting Committee/Israel Council for Higher Education (CHE), and Fuel Choice Initiative (Prime Minister Office) within the framework of “Israel National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion” (INREP 2) and by the Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP).
Funders | Funder number |
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Fuel Choice Initiative | |
Joachim Sann | |
Prime Minister Office | |
Division of Chemistry | |
Justus Liebig Universität Gießen | |
Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program | |
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung | 03XP0141, 03XP0180, 03XP0248 |
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan | |
Ministry of science and technology, Israel | |
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie | 03ETE018E |
Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel |
Keywords
- cell degradation
- fast-charging batteries
- lithium chemical diffusion
- lithium plating
- lithium-ion batteries