Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in prepubertal children: 22-Year experience at a single institution with a single lithotriptor

Purpose: The sophistication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy challenges the efficacy of ESWL® for urolithiasis in prepubertal patients. We evaluated our long-term experience with ESWL in these patients and determined its efficiency. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all prepubertal patients who underwent ESWL. We evaluated the need for tubing, the 3-month stone-free rate, the need for additional ESWL, and the effect of stone size and location, and cystinuria on the 3-month stone-free rate. Results: Between 1986 and 2008, 119 males and 97 females with a mean age of 6.6 years who had urolithiasis underwent ESWL using the Dornier® HM3 lithotriptor. We treated 157 children with renal calculi with an average ± SD diameter of 14.9 ± 8.9 mm, of whom 66 (42%) required a tube in the urinary system. The 3-month stone-free rate was 80% and 31 patients (19.7%) needed an additional procedure. Stone location did not affect the stone-free rate but stone size did.We treated 59 patients for ureteral stones with an average stone length of 9.5 ±4.8 mm, of whom 41 (69%) required tube insertion. The 3-month stone-free rate was 78% and 13 patients (22%) needed an additional procedure. The 3-month stone-free rate did not depend on stone location or size. The rate was 37.5% in patients with cystinuria and 82.5% in all others (p <0.0001). Six patients (2.8%) had complications. Conclusions: The 3-month stone-free rate after ESWL in prepubertal patients is 80% and 20% of patients require additional procedures. ESWL is most effective for kidney stones less than 11 mm. ESWL has inferior results for cystine stones compared to other calculi. Complications are rare.