Exogenous superoxide mediates pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and procoagulatory changes in primary endothelial cell cultures

Endothelial dysfunction/activation underlies the development of long-term cardiovascular complications and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine a direct role for exogenous sublethal flux of superoxide on endothelial cell dysfunction. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to superoxide generated by 0.1 mM xanthine and 4 mU/ml xanthine oxidase for 15 min and essential endothelial functions were examined. Superoxide dismutase and/or catalase was used as scavenger for O₂^-/H₂O ₂ to determine the key culprit. HUVEC detachment was determined by neutral red uptake and apoptosis by annexin V binding. Inflammation was estimated by IL-8 mRNA expression and cellular adhesion molecules (CAM). eNOS and iNOS message and eNOS protein served as an indirect measure for NO. Procoagulable state was evaluated by estimating the intracellular tissue factor. Activation of endothelial NADPH oxidase was determined by lucigenin chemiluminescence. Sublethal superoxide dose evoked: (1) proinflammatory state manifested by increased IL-8 mRNA expression and CAM on the endothelial surface, (2) HUVEC apoptosis and activated endothelial NADPH oxidase, (3) increase in intracellular tissue factor, and (4) decrease in eNOS mRNA and protein and up-regulation of iNOS mRNA. We conclude that extracellular low flux of superoxide exhibits pleiotropic characteristics, triggering activation/ dysfunction of endothelial cells.