Emergency Department Use and Hospital Mortality Among Heart Transplant Recipients in the United States

BACKGROUND: Annual heart transplant (HT) volumes have increased, as have post-HT outpatient care needs. Data on HT-related emergency department (ED) visits are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective analysis of 177 450 HT patient ED visits from the 2009 to 2018 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample was conducted. HT recipients, primary diagnoses, and comorbidities associated with ED visits were identified via International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict outcomes of hospital admission and death. HT volumes and HT-related ED visits increased from 2009 to 2018. Infection was the most common primary diagnosis (24%), and cardiac primary diagnoses represented 10% of encounters. Hospital admissions occurred in 48% of visits, but overall mortality was low (1.6%). Length of stay was 3.1 days (interquartile range, 1.6–5.9 days), and comorbidity burden was high: 42% had hypertension, 38% had diabetes, and 31% had ≥2 comorbidities. Those aged ≥65 years had significantly higher odds of admission (odds ratio [OR], 2.14 [95% CI, 1.97–2.33]) and death (OR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.61–2.62]). Comorbidities increased odds of admission (OR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.51–1.75]) but not death. Renal primary diagnosis had the highest risk of admission (OR, 4.1 [95% CI, 3.6–4.6]), but cardiac primary diagnosis had the highest odds of death (OR, 11.6 [95% CI, 9.1–14.8]). CONCLUSIONS: HT-related ED visits increased from 2009 to 2018 with high admission rates but low in-hospital mortality, suggesting an opportunity to improve prehospital care. Older patients and those with cardiac primary diagnoses had the highest risk of death. The observed contrast between predictors of admission and mortality signals a need for further study to improve risk stratification and outpatient care strategies.