Abstract
A consistent accumulator computes a digest for a dynamically-growing set of elements, with a proof of consistency of the new digest with the previous digests. Consistent accumulators are in wide use, in particular, by Certificate Transparency (CT), which is part of the Web PKI, and in blockchains.We present a significantly more efficient design for a consistent accumulator. Our design is compatible with the CT specifications; similarly to the widely-used, open-source CT implementation, it uses a Merkle tree, but much more efficiently. We provide open source implementation, security analysis and experimental evaluation showing the performance improvements.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Title of host publication | Proceedings - 2026 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2026 |
| Publisher | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. |
| Pages | 366-378 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| ISBN (Electronic) | 9798331551490 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2026 |
| Externally published | Yes |
| Event | 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2026 - Charlotte, United States Duration: 22 Jun 2026 → 25 Jun 2026 |
Publication series
| Name | Proceedings - 2026 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2026 |
|---|
Conference
| Conference | 56th Annual IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2026 |
|---|---|
| Country/Territory | United States |
| City | Charlotte |
| Period | 22/06/26 → 25/06/26 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2026 IEEE.
Keywords
- Certificate Transparency
- Cryptographic accumulators
- Keyed accumulators
- Merkle tree
- Proof-of-inclusion
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