Distributed cladding mode fiber-optic sensor

The analysis of substances outside the cladding has challenged the optical fiber sensors community for decades. A common solution relies on the propagation of light in cladding modes. However, the coupling of light to/from these modes is typically based on permanent gratings in specific locations, which restrict the sensors to point measurements only. In this work, we present dynamic, random-access coupling of light between core and cladding modes of standard fibers, in arbitrarily located short sections. Coupling is based on the stimulation of Brillouin dynamic gratings by two coded pump waves and intermodal scattering of a third optical probe wave. All waves are launched and collected in the core mode. No permanent gratings are inscribed. Distributed sensing of surrounding media is demonstrated with 2 m range and 8 cm resolution. Measurements distinguish between water and ethanol outside the fiber. The measurement accuracy of the local index outside the cladding is 0.004–0.0004 refractive index units.