Disruptive and adaptive effects of war exposure on mother–infant bonding.

Objective: Exposure to war profoundly impacts psychological health and may impair early mother–infant bonding, posing a risk to the long-term mother–child relationship and child development. This study investigated the direct and indirect links between cumulative war exposure and different war-related stressors (direct exposure, bereavement and loss, secondary exposure, and instability) and bonding impairment. Maternal posttraumatic responses (posttraumatic stress and somatic symptoms) were tested as mediators. Method: A sample of 555 Israeli postpartum women (M_age = 33.23, SD = 4.63), with infants ranging from 1 to 12 months old (M = 5.16, SD = 2.92), completed measures of war exposure, posttraumatic responses, bonding impairment, and infant negative affect. Results: Greater cumulative war exposure predicted higher maternal posttraumatic responses, which, in turn, were associated with greater bonding impairment. Simultaneously, a direct negative path emerged between cumulative exposure and bonding impairment, with higher exposure linked to lower bonding impairment. In analyzing the distinct stressors, bereavement and loss showed a direct negative path, but an indirect positive path (via posttraumatic responses), to bonding impairment. Direct exposure and instability were also linked to greater bonding impairment indirectly, via higher maternal posttraumatic responses. Secondary exposure showed no significant effects. Conclusions: These results highlight the dual impact of war exposure, where maternal distress undermines bonding while certain trauma exposures may elicit adaptive caregiving responses. Interventions that alleviate maternal posttraumatic distress while strengthening adaptive caregiving behaviors are essential for reducing the risk of bonding impairment in the context of war-related adversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) This study identifies both risk and resilience pathways linking maternal war exposure to mother–infant bonding. Maternal posttraumatic responses (posttraumatic stress and somatic symptoms) mediated the association between trauma exposure and bonding difficulties, highlighting the clinical importance of addressing maternal psychological distress. At the same time, certain trauma types (bereavement and loss, cumulative exposure) were directly associated with lower bonding impairment, suggesting that caregiving systems may be adaptively activated under threat. These findings support the development of interventions that can both reduce maternal distress and enhance caregiving resilience during times of war and other large-scale crises.