Comparative analysis of heat transfer characteristics of heat radiative and joule dissipative flow of hybrid/mono nanofluid through a squeezing channel

This research aims to comprehensively investigate and compare the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the base fluid (Ethylene Glycol-C₂H₆O₂), mono-nanofluid (Ethylene Glycol + Graphene), and hybrid nanofluid (Ethylene Glycol + Graphene + Copper) passing through a squeezing channel while considering the influence of thermal radiation and a transverse magnetic field. Through the use of similarity transforms a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations is created from a system of non-linear partial differential equations. The shooting technique, in conjunction with the RK-4th order method, is utilized to obtain the solution. Examining the effects of various physical parameters on temperature, skin friction, velocity, and Nusselt number is the primary goal of the analysis. The findings indicate that the temperature increases as the magnetic field and viscous dissipation are enhanced, while it shows the opposite behavior with an increase in the Deborah number and radiation parameter. Additionally, the investigation shows that the mono-nanofluid's temperature of thermal conductivity is higher than that of the base fluid but lower than that of the hybrid nanofluid.