Abstract
The development of vacuum-deposited perovskite materials and devices is partially slowed down by the minor research effort in this direction, due to the high cost of the required research tools. But there is also another factor, thermal co-deposition in high vacuum involves the simultaneous sublimation of several precursors with an overall deposition rate in the range of few Å s−1. This leads to a deposition time of hours with only a single set of process parameters per batch, hence to a long timeframe to optimize even a single perovskite composition. Here we report the combinatorial vacuum deposition of wide bandgap perovskites using 4 sources and a non-rotating sample holder. By using small pixel substrates, more than 100 solar cells can be produced with different perovskite absorbers in a single deposition run. The materials are characterized by spatially resolved methods, including optical, morphological, and structural techniques. By fine-tuning of the deposition rates, the gradient can be altered and the best-performing formulations in standard depositions with rotation can be reproduced. This is viewed as an approach that can serve as a basis to prototype other compositions, overcoming the current limitations of vacuum deposition as a research tool for perovskite films.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Article number | 2202271 |
Journal | Advanced Materials Interfaces |
Volume | 10 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 3 Feb 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Materials Interfaces published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Funding
I.S. and A.K. contributed equally to this work. The authors acknowledged support from the Comunitat Valenciana (PROMETEU/2020/077, CISEJI/2022/43), the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), and the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI); Project PCI2019‐111829‐2 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union; Project RTI2018‐095362‐A‐I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”; Grant IJCI‐2019‐039851‐I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”; Grant RYC‐2016‐21316 and RYC2020‐028803‐I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in your future”; Grant CEX2019‐000919‐M funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. At Bar‐Ilan University this work was supported by the Israel Ministry of Energy (project 219‐11‐119, Exploring Ways to Large‐Area Halide Perovskite‐Based Photovoltaics), as part of the SOLAR‐ERA.NET “PERDRY” project. Project “PERDRY” is supported under the umbrella of SOLAR‐ERA.NET Cofund 2 by Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PCI2019‐111829‐2, ES), Israel Min. of Energy & Infrastructure (219‐11‐119, IL) and Energimyndigheten (P48381‐1, SE). SOLAR‐ERA.NET is supported by the European Commission within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. I.S. and A.K. contributed equally to this work. The authors acknowledged support from the Comunitat Valenciana (PROMETEU/2020/077, CISEJI/2022/43), the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), and the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI); Project PCI2019-111829-2 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union; Project RTI2018-095362-A-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”; Grant IJCI-2019-039851-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”; Grant RYC-2016-21316 and RYC2020-028803-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in your future”; Grant CEX2019-000919-M funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. At Bar-Ilan University this work was supported by the Israel Ministry of Energy (project 219-11-119, Exploring Ways to Large-Area Halide Perovskite-Based Photovoltaics), as part of the SOLAR-ERA.NET “PERDRY” project. Project “PERDRY” is supported under the umbrella of SOLAR-ERA.NET Cofund 2 by Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PCI2019-111829-2, ES), Israel Min. of Energy & Infrastructure (219-11-119, IL) and Energimyndigheten (P48381-1, SE). SOLAR-ERA.NET is supported by the European Commission within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020.
Funders | Funder number |
---|---|
Comunitat Valenciana | PROMETEU/2020/077, CISEJI/2022/43 |
European Commission | RTI2018‐095362‐A‐I00 |
Energimyndigheten | P48381-1 |
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | |
European Social Fund | CEX2019-000919-M |
European Regional Development Fund | RYC2020-028803-I, RYC‐2016‐21316, IJCI-2019-039851-I |
Agencia Estatal de Investigación | MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 |
Ministry of Energy, Israel | 219‐11‐119 |
Keywords
- combinatorial screening
- evaporation
- high-throughput deposition
- perovskite solar cells
- vacuum deposition