Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

P. Satyarthi; S. Ghosh; B. Pandey; P. Kumar; C. L. Chen; C. L. Dong; W. F. Pong; D. Kanjilal; K. Asokan; P. Srivastava

doi:10.1063/1.4804253

Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

P. Satyarthi, S. Ghosh, B. Pandey, P. Kumar, C. L. Chen, C. L. Dong, W. F. Pong, D. Kanjilal, K. Asokan, P. Srivastava

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Abstract

The present work reports the structural and ferromagnetic properties of 200 KeV Ni² ion implanted ZnO films before and after annealing at 650 °C in air and correlates these properties with their electronic structures. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn and Ni K-edges reveal that Zn metal cluster is absent in ZnO matrix, but there is an indication of clustering of Ni metal as a secondary phase. The XAS analysis of O K-edge shows (i) non-stoichiometric NiO segregation in as-implanted film and its absence/reduction in air annealed film, (ii) partial substitution of Ni ² ions at tetrahedral Zn sites, and (iii) presence of lattice defects such as oxygen vacancies in both films. The observed ferromagnetic behavior of as-implanted and air annealed films has both intrinsic as well as extrinsic origins. The intrinsic and extrinsic origins are discussed in terms of bound magnetic polaron model and presence of antiferromagnetic NiO phase/ferromagnetic Ni metal clusters, respectively.

Original language	English
Article number	183708
Journal	Journal of Applied Physics
Volume	113
Issue number	18
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804253
State	Published - 14 May 2013
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Authors (P.S. and S.G.) acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, to carry out this work. One of the authors (P. Satyarthi) is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for the financial support through fellowship. K.A. acknowledges the Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Taiwan, for travel support to carry out measurements at NSRRC, Taiwan.

Funding

Authors (P.S. and S.G.) acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, to carry out this work. One of the authors (P. Satyarthi) is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for the financial support through fellowship. K.A. acknowledges the Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Taiwan, for travel support to carry out measurements at NSRRC, Taiwan.

Funders	Funder number
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
University Grants Commission
University Grants Committee
Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal

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10.1063/1.4804253

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.4804253/14839966/183708_1_online.pdf

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Satyarthi, P., Ghosh, S., Pandey, B., Kumar, P., Chen, C. L., Dong, C. L., Pong, W. F., Kanjilal, D., Asokan, K., & Srivastava, P. (2013). Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics, 113(18), Article 183708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804253

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title = "Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy",

abstract = "The present work reports the structural and ferromagnetic properties of 200 KeV Ni2 ion implanted ZnO films before and after annealing at 650 °C in air and correlates these properties with their electronic structures. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn and Ni K-edges reveal that Zn metal cluster is absent in ZnO matrix, but there is an indication of clustering of Ni metal as a secondary phase. The XAS analysis of O K-edge shows (i) non-stoichiometric NiO segregation in as-implanted film and its absence/reduction in air annealed film, (ii) partial substitution of Ni 2 ions at tetrahedral Zn sites, and (iii) presence of lattice defects such as oxygen vacancies in both films. The observed ferromagnetic behavior of as-implanted and air annealed films has both intrinsic as well as extrinsic origins. The intrinsic and extrinsic origins are discussed in terms of bound magnetic polaron model and presence of antiferromagnetic NiO phase/ferromagnetic Ni metal clusters, respectively.",

author = "P. Satyarthi and S. Ghosh and B. Pandey and P. Kumar and Chen, {C. L.} and Dong, {C. L.} and Pong, {W. F.} and D. Kanjilal and K. Asokan and P. Srivastava",

note = "Funding Information: Authors (P.S. and S.G.) acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, to carry out this work. One of the authors (P. Satyarthi) is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for the financial support through fellowship. K.A. acknowledges the Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Taiwan, for travel support to carry out measurements at NSRRC, Taiwan. ",

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Satyarthi, P, Ghosh, S, Pandey, B, Kumar, P, Chen, CL, Dong, CL, Pong, WF, Kanjilal, D, Asokan, K & Srivastava, P 2013, 'Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 113, no. 18, 183708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804253

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AU - Ghosh, S.

AU - Pandey, B.

AU - Kumar, P.

AU - Chen, C. L.

AU - Dong, C. L.

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AU - Kanjilal, D.

AU - Asokan, K.

AU - Srivastava, P.

N1 - Funding Information: Authors (P.S. and S.G.) acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, to carry out this work. One of the authors (P. Satyarthi) is thankful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, for the financial support through fellowship. K.A. acknowledges the Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Taiwan, for travel support to carry out measurements at NSRRC, Taiwan.

PY - 2013/5/14

Y1 - 2013/5/14

N2 - The present work reports the structural and ferromagnetic properties of 200 KeV Ni2 ion implanted ZnO films before and after annealing at 650 °C in air and correlates these properties with their electronic structures. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn and Ni K-edges reveal that Zn metal cluster is absent in ZnO matrix, but there is an indication of clustering of Ni metal as a secondary phase. The XAS analysis of O K-edge shows (i) non-stoichiometric NiO segregation in as-implanted film and its absence/reduction in air annealed film, (ii) partial substitution of Ni 2 ions at tetrahedral Zn sites, and (iii) presence of lattice defects such as oxygen vacancies in both films. The observed ferromagnetic behavior of as-implanted and air annealed films has both intrinsic as well as extrinsic origins. The intrinsic and extrinsic origins are discussed in terms of bound magnetic polaron model and presence of antiferromagnetic NiO phase/ferromagnetic Ni metal clusters, respectively.

AB - The present work reports the structural and ferromagnetic properties of 200 KeV Ni2 ion implanted ZnO films before and after annealing at 650 °C in air and correlates these properties with their electronic structures. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn and Ni K-edges reveal that Zn metal cluster is absent in ZnO matrix, but there is an indication of clustering of Ni metal as a secondary phase. The XAS analysis of O K-edge shows (i) non-stoichiometric NiO segregation in as-implanted film and its absence/reduction in air annealed film, (ii) partial substitution of Ni 2 ions at tetrahedral Zn sites, and (iii) presence of lattice defects such as oxygen vacancies in both films. The observed ferromagnetic behavior of as-implanted and air annealed films has both intrinsic as well as extrinsic origins. The intrinsic and extrinsic origins are discussed in terms of bound magnetic polaron model and presence of antiferromagnetic NiO phase/ferromagnetic Ni metal clusters, respectively.

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Coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic origins of room temperature ferromagnetism in as implanted and thermally annealed ZnO films probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

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