Characterization of batteries by electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques

This chapter explains electrochemical devices that are very complicated and consisting of three bulks: positive and negative electrodes, an in-between electrolyte phase, and two electrode-electrolyte interfaces that work simultaneously. The chemistry of many battery systems is very complicated, including the main electrochemical reactions, side reactions, and passivation phenomena. The science behind batteries involves electrochemistry, materials and surface chemistry, physics, transport phenomena, and multiphase charge transfer by ions and electrons through bulks and interfaces. Superior battery chemistry is never sufficient for practical commercial success. The engineering of battery systems has to be based on solid scientific work in which the major chemistry, transport phenomena, side reactions, and thermal behavior are fully understood. The chapter also explains that maintaining a high level of scientific research in the field of batteries is extremely important for thinking ahead about all the possible failure mechanisms and safety problems. This is essential for products such as batteries that are mass produced and widely distributed. The science behind batteries, their quality testing, the prediction of their limits of use, safety features, calendar, and cycle life all require the establishment of well-defined and high-level techniques and procedures.