Abstract
The incidence rates for premalignant lesions in Jewish women in Israel are similar to those observed in Western countries, but the incidence of cervical cancer in Israel is low; this discrepancy is not yet clearly understood. Because of the low incidence of cervical cancer in Israel, it was decided to base cervical cancer prevention on opportunistic screening: every woman from the ages of 35-54 years can have a Pap test smear free of charge every 3 years. Over the last decade 12.2% of the women population had an annual Pap test. From 36 to 50% of women who attended the Clalit Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and the Maccabi HMO, the two largest HMOs in Israel, did so. There were also discrepancies between women of different socio-economic status (SES): <10% in the lowest SES level were screened compared to almost 55% in the higher level. HPV vaccination was opportunistic but it will be introduced to the school-based vaccine program at age of 13 years old as of September 2013. The Israel Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends continuing cytologic screening in vaccinated women as recommended for the general population. This article forms part of a regional report entitled ". Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases in Israel" Vaccine Volume 31, Supplement 8, 2013. Updates of the progress in the field are presented in a separate monograph entitled ". Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 142-145 |
| Number of pages | 4 |
| Journal | Vaccine |
| Volume | 31 |
| Issue number | SUPPL.8 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 22 Nov 2013 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:On January 1, 1995, the National Health Insurance Law went into effect in Israel. Under this law, the state is responsible for providing health services for all residents of the country (not including tourists). The law stipulates that a standardized basket of medical services and technologies (referred to as the National Health Basket – NHB), including hospitalization, are supplied by the health funds. Sources for funding of health costs include progressive health insurance premiums paid by each resident, the National Insurance Institute, Ministry of Health budget, and consumer participation payments. The insurance premiums are collected by the National Insurance Institute. According to the National Health Insurance Law in Israel, every Israeli citizen is insured by one of four competing not-for-profit health maintenance organizations (HMOs) [1–3] . Each resident can choose which HMO to belong to and the HMO must accept (regardless of demographic characterizations or health history). The health expenditure accounts for 7.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP), and a public committee that convenes for approximately 3 months, once a year, makes decisions regarding which health technologies and services will be added to the NHB [4,5] .
Funding
On January 1, 1995, the National Health Insurance Law went into effect in Israel. Under this law, the state is responsible for providing health services for all residents of the country (not including tourists). The law stipulates that a standardized basket of medical services and technologies (referred to as the National Health Basket – NHB), including hospitalization, are supplied by the health funds. Sources for funding of health costs include progressive health insurance premiums paid by each resident, the National Insurance Institute, Ministry of Health budget, and consumer participation payments. The insurance premiums are collected by the National Insurance Institute. According to the National Health Insurance Law in Israel, every Israeli citizen is insured by one of four competing not-for-profit health maintenance organizations (HMOs) [1–3] . Each resident can choose which HMO to belong to and the HMO must accept (regardless of demographic characterizations or health history). The health expenditure accounts for 7.6% of the gross domestic product (GDP), and a public committee that convenes for approximately 3 months, once a year, makes decisions regarding which health technologies and services will be added to the NHB [4,5] .
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| National Insurance Institute | |
| Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social |
Keywords
- Cervical cancer
- HPV
- HPV vaccination
- Israel
- Pap test
- Screening practices
