TY - JOUR
T1 - Cascade of failures in coupled network systems with multiple support-dependence relations
AU - Shao, Jia
AU - Buldyrev, Sergey V.
AU - Havlin, Shlomo
AU - Stanley, H. Eugene
PY - 2011/3/29
Y1 - 2011/3/29
N2 - We study, both analytically and numerically, the cascade of failures in two coupled network systems A and B, where multiple support-dependence relations are randomly built between nodes of networks A and B. In our model we assume that each node in one network can function only if it has at least a single support link connecting it to a functional node in the other network. We assume that networks A and B have (i) sizes NA and NB, (ii) degree distributions of connectivity links PA(k) and PB(k), (iii) degree distributions of support links P̃A(k) and P̃B(k), and (iv) random attack removes (1-RA)NA and (1-RB)NB nodes form the networks A and B, respectively. We find the fractions of nodes μ∞A and μ∞B which remain functional (giant component) at the end of the cascade process in networks A and B in terms of the generating functions of the degree distributions of their connectivity and support links. In a special case of Erdos-Rényi networks with average degrees a and b in networks A and B, respectively, and Poisson distributions of support links with average degrees ã and b̃ in networks A and B, respectively, μ∞A=RA[1-exp(-ãμ∞B)][1-exp(-aμ∞A)] and μ∞B=RB[1-exp(-b̃μ∞A)][1-exp(-bμ∞B)]. In the limit of ã→∞ and b̃→∞, both networks become independent, and our model becomes equivalent to a random attack on a single Erdos-Rényi network. We also test our theory on two coupled scale-free networks, and find good agreement with the simulations.
AB - We study, both analytically and numerically, the cascade of failures in two coupled network systems A and B, where multiple support-dependence relations are randomly built between nodes of networks A and B. In our model we assume that each node in one network can function only if it has at least a single support link connecting it to a functional node in the other network. We assume that networks A and B have (i) sizes NA and NB, (ii) degree distributions of connectivity links PA(k) and PB(k), (iii) degree distributions of support links P̃A(k) and P̃B(k), and (iv) random attack removes (1-RA)NA and (1-RB)NB nodes form the networks A and B, respectively. We find the fractions of nodes μ∞A and μ∞B which remain functional (giant component) at the end of the cascade process in networks A and B in terms of the generating functions of the degree distributions of their connectivity and support links. In a special case of Erdos-Rényi networks with average degrees a and b in networks A and B, respectively, and Poisson distributions of support links with average degrees ã and b̃ in networks A and B, respectively, μ∞A=RA[1-exp(-ãμ∞B)][1-exp(-aμ∞A)] and μ∞B=RB[1-exp(-b̃μ∞A)][1-exp(-bμ∞B)]. In the limit of ã→∞ and b̃→∞, both networks become independent, and our model becomes equivalent to a random attack on a single Erdos-Rényi network. We also test our theory on two coupled scale-free networks, and find good agreement with the simulations.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79961047777&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.036116
DO - 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.036116
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AN - SCOPUS:79961047777
SN - 1539-3755
VL - 83
JO - Physical Review E
JF - Physical Review E
IS - 3
M1 - 036116
ER -