Biomedical Applications of Aerogels: Therapeutic Potential, Safety, and Future Research Directions

Aerogels are garnering considerable attention in biomedical fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. These materials are noted for their low density, high porosity, and customizable pore structures, making them highly suitable for applications such as drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and wound healing. They provide excellent platforms for loading drugs and active biomolecules. Consequently, research into the therapeutic potential of aerogels has surged, both in vitro and in vivo, reflecting an increased acknowledgment of their biomedical promise. Despite this growing body of research, detailed data on the in vivo performance and safety of aerogels remain sparse. While polymer-based, silica-based, and hybrid aerogels are generally deemed safe, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity. This review presents a thorough examination of the biomedical applications of aerogels, exploring both conventional uses and innovative applications like decontamination. We assess the biological impacts of aerogels on cells and organisms, focusing on their therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Through this detailed review, we aim to highlight the current state of aerogel research in the biomedical field and pinpoint key areas where further investigation is needed to ensure their safe and effective use in medical applications.