Balm of Gilead

Zori is mentioned six times in the Bible as a prestigious and well-known medical product. Often translated "balm," it was a prized product of the biblical lands, especially the region of Gilead (Genesis 37:25; Jeremiah 8:22). Its importance is reflected by its appearance at the top of a list of medicines and perfumes called "the choice produce of the land" (Genesis 43:11). But what exactly is zori? There is no doubt that the biblical text reflects an authentic product, since zori also appears in a 14th-century BCE letter from the well-known Amarna archive: The queen of Ugarit sent a small jug of zori as tribute to the queen of Egypt1 Much later, in the Roman period, it became a term for the "balsam of Judah," a perfume shrub. In earlier periods, though, it referred to something else entirely. I think that the resin of the Atlantic pistachio tree {Pistacia atlantica) is the best candidate for biblical zori. The Atlantic pistachio, also called Atlantic terebinth, is a large tree with a thick central trunk and extensive foliage. Its small, edible fruits are rich in oil and probably the "nuts" (Hebrew: botnim) mentioned in the Bible (Genesis 43:11). The tree is common to the dry regions of the southern Levant, and, to this day, there are a few very large, old pistachio trees on the eastern bank of the Jordan River above the mountains of Gilead in Jordan.