Anomalous layering at the liquid Sn surface

Oleg G. Shpyrko; Alexei Yu Grigoriev; Christoph Steimer; Peter S. Pershan; Binhua Lin; Mati Meron; Tim Graber; Jeff Gerbhardt; Ben Ocko; Moshe Deutsch

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224206

Anomalous layering at the liquid Sn surface

Oleg G. Shpyrko, Alexei Yu Grigoriev, Christoph Steimer, Peter S. Pershan, Binhua Lin, Mati Meron, Tim Graber, Jeff Gerbhardt, Ben Ocko, Moshe Deutsch

Department of Physics

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74 Scopus citations

Abstract

X-ray reflectivity measurements on the free surface of liquid Sn are presented. They exhibit the high-angle peak, indicative of surface-induced layering, also found for other pure liquid metals (Hg, Ga, and In). However, a low-angle shoulder, not hitherto observed for any pure liquid metal, is also found, indicating the presence of a high-density surface layer. Fluorescence and resonant reflectivity measurements rule out the assignment of this layer to surface segregation of impurities. The reflectivity is modeled well by a 10% contraction of the spacing between the first and second atomic surface layers, relative to that of subsequent layers. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

Original language	English
Article number	224206
Pages (from-to)	224206-1-224206-7
Journal	Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
Volume	70
Issue number	22
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224206
State	Published - Dec 2004

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank Matt Newville, Larry Sorensen, and John Rehr for helpful discussions on IFEFFIT use. This work has been supported by U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG02-88-ER45379, National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-01-12494, and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Jerusalem. ChemMatCARS Sector 15 is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under Grant No. CHE0087817. The Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38.

Funding

We thank Matt Newville, Larry Sorensen, and John Rehr for helpful discussions on IFEFFIT use. This work has been supported by U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG02-88-ER45379, National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-01-12494, and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Jerusalem. ChemMatCARS Sector 15 is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under Grant No. CHE0087817. The Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38.

Funders	Funder number
National Science Foundation	DMR-01-12494
U.S. Department of Energy	CHE0087817, DE-FG02-88-ER45379
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences	0087817
Office of Science	W-31-109-Eng-38
Basic Energy Sciences
United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation

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10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224206

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title = "Anomalous layering at the liquid Sn surface",

abstract = "X-ray reflectivity measurements on the free surface of liquid Sn are presented. They exhibit the high-angle peak, indicative of surface-induced layering, also found for other pure liquid metals (Hg, Ga, and In). However, a low-angle shoulder, not hitherto observed for any pure liquid metal, is also found, indicating the presence of a high-density surface layer. Fluorescence and resonant reflectivity measurements rule out the assignment of this layer to surface segregation of impurities. The reflectivity is modeled well by a 10% contraction of the spacing between the first and second atomic surface layers, relative to that of subsequent layers. Possible reasons for this are discussed.",

author = "Shpyrko, {Oleg G.} and Grigoriev, {Alexei Yu} and Christoph Steimer and Pershan, {Peter S.} and Binhua Lin and Mati Meron and Tim Graber and Jeff Gerbhardt and Ben Ocko and Moshe Deutsch",

note = "Funding Information: We thank Matt Newville, Larry Sorensen, and John Rehr for helpful discussions on IFEFFIT use. This work has been supported by U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG02-88-ER45379, National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-01-12494, and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Jerusalem. ChemMatCARS Sector 15 is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under Grant No. CHE0087817. The Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38.",

year = "2004",

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doi = "10.1103/PhysRevB.70.224206",

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AU - Grigoriev, Alexei Yu

AU - Steimer, Christoph

AU - Pershan, Peter S.

AU - Lin, Binhua

AU - Meron, Mati

AU - Graber, Tim

AU - Gerbhardt, Jeff

AU - Ocko, Ben

AU - Deutsch, Moshe

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Matt Newville, Larry Sorensen, and John Rehr for helpful discussions on IFEFFIT use. This work has been supported by U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG02-88-ER45379, National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-01-12494, and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Jerusalem. ChemMatCARS Sector 15 is principally supported by the National Science Foundation/Department of Energy under Grant No. CHE0087817. The Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38.

PY - 2004/12

Y1 - 2004/12

N2 - X-ray reflectivity measurements on the free surface of liquid Sn are presented. They exhibit the high-angle peak, indicative of surface-induced layering, also found for other pure liquid metals (Hg, Ga, and In). However, a low-angle shoulder, not hitherto observed for any pure liquid metal, is also found, indicating the presence of a high-density surface layer. Fluorescence and resonant reflectivity measurements rule out the assignment of this layer to surface segregation of impurities. The reflectivity is modeled well by a 10% contraction of the spacing between the first and second atomic surface layers, relative to that of subsequent layers. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

AB - X-ray reflectivity measurements on the free surface of liquid Sn are presented. They exhibit the high-angle peak, indicative of surface-induced layering, also found for other pure liquid metals (Hg, Ga, and In). However, a low-angle shoulder, not hitherto observed for any pure liquid metal, is also found, indicating the presence of a high-density surface layer. Fluorescence and resonant reflectivity measurements rule out the assignment of this layer to surface segregation of impurities. The reflectivity is modeled well by a 10% contraction of the spacing between the first and second atomic surface layers, relative to that of subsequent layers. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

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Anomalous layering at the liquid Sn surface

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