A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion

Rachel J. Bruch; Avishay Gal-Yam; Steve Schulze; Ofer Yaron; Yi Yang; Maayane Soumagnac; Mickael Rigault; Nora L. Strotjohann; Eran Ofek; Jesper Sollerman; Frank J. Masci; Cristina Barbarino; Anna Y.Q. Ho; Christoffer Fremling; Daniel Perley; Jakob Nordin; S. Bradley Cenko; S. Adams; Igor Adreoni; Eric C. Bellm; Nadia Blagorodnova; Mattia Bulla; Kevin Burdge; Kishalay De; Suhail Dhawan; Andrew J. Drake; Dmitry A. Duev; Alison Dugas; Matthew Graham; Melissa L. Graham; Ido Irani; Jacob Jencson; Emir Karamehmetoglu; Mansi Kasliwal; Young Lo Kim; Shrinivas Kulkarni; Thomas Kupfer; Jingyi Liang; Ashish Mahabal; A. A. Miller; Thomas A. Prince; Reed Riddle; Y. Sharma; Roger Smith; Francesco Taddia; Kirsty Taggart; Richard Walters; Lin Yan

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abef05

A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion

Rachel J. Bruch, Avishay Gal-Yam, Steve Schulze, Ofer Yaron, Yi Yang, Maayane Soumagnac, Mickael Rigault, Nora L. Strotjohann, Eran Ofek, Jesper Sollerman, Frank J. Masci, Cristina Barbarino, Anna Y.Q. Ho, Christoffer Fremling, Daniel Perley, Jakob Nordin, S. Bradley Cenko, S. Adams, Igor Adreoni, Eric C. BellmNadia Blagorodnova, Mattia Bulla, Kevin Burdge, Kishalay De, Suhail Dhawan, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Alison Dugas, Matthew Graham, Melissa L. Graham, Ido Irani, Jacob Jencson, Emir Karamehmetoglu, Mansi Kasliwal, Young Lo Kim, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Thomas Kupfer, Jingyi Liang, Ashish Mahabal, A. A. Miller, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle, Y. Sharma, Roger Smith, Francesco Taddia, Kirsty Taggart, Richard Walters, Lin Yan

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Abstract

Spectroscopic detection of narrow emission lines traces the presence of circumstellar mass distributions around massive stars exploding as core-collapse supernovae. Transient emission lines disappearing shortly after the supernova explosion suggest that the material spatial extent is compact and implies an increased mass loss shortly prior to explosion. Here, we present a systematic survey for such transient emission lines (Flash Spectroscopy) among Type II supernovae detected in the first year of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey. We find that at least six out of ten events for which a spectrum was obtained within two days of the estimated explosion time show evidence for such transient flash lines. Our measured flash event fraction (>30% at 95% confidence level) indicates that elevated mass loss is a common process occurring in massive stars that are about to explode as supernovae.

Original language	English
Article number	46
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	912
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abef05
State	Published - 1 May 2021
Externally published	Yes

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© 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..

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Bruch, R. J., Gal-Yam, A., Schulze, S., Yaron, O., Yang, Y., Soumagnac, M., Rigault, M., Strotjohann, N. L., Ofek, E., Sollerman, J., Masci, F. J., Barbarino, C., Ho, A. Y. Q., Fremling, C., Perley, D., Nordin, J., Cenko, S. B., Adams, S., Adreoni, I., ... Yan, L. (2021). A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion. Astrophysical Journal, 912(1), [46]. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abef05

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title = "A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion",

abstract = "Spectroscopic detection of narrow emission lines traces the presence of circumstellar mass distributions around massive stars exploding as core-collapse supernovae. Transient emission lines disappearing shortly after the supernova explosion suggest that the material spatial extent is compact and implies an increased mass loss shortly prior to explosion. Here, we present a systematic survey for such transient emission lines (Flash Spectroscopy) among Type II supernovae detected in the first year of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey. We find that at least six out of ten events for which a spectrum was obtained within two days of the estimated explosion time show evidence for such transient flash lines. Our measured flash event fraction (>30% at 95% confidence level) indicates that elevated mass loss is a common process occurring in massive stars that are about to explode as supernovae.",

author = "Bruch, {Rachel J.} and Avishay Gal-Yam and Steve Schulze and Ofer Yaron and Yi Yang and Maayane Soumagnac and Mickael Rigault and Strotjohann, {Nora L.} and Eran Ofek and Jesper Sollerman and Masci, {Frank J.} and Cristina Barbarino and Ho, {Anna Y.Q.} and Christoffer Fremling and Daniel Perley and Jakob Nordin and Cenko, {S. Bradley} and S. Adams and Igor Adreoni and Bellm, {Eric C.} and Nadia Blagorodnova and Mattia Bulla and Kevin Burdge and Kishalay De and Suhail Dhawan and Drake, {Andrew J.} and Duev, {Dmitry A.} and Alison Dugas and Matthew Graham and Graham, {Melissa L.} and Ido Irani and Jacob Jencson and Emir Karamehmetoglu and Mansi Kasliwal and Kim, {Young Lo} and Shrinivas Kulkarni and Thomas Kupfer and Jingyi Liang and Ashish Mahabal and Miller, {A. A.} and Prince, {Thomas A.} and Reed Riddle and Y. Sharma and Roger Smith and Francesco Taddia and Kirsty Taggart and Richard Walters and Lin Yan",

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Bruch, RJ, Gal-Yam, A, Schulze, S, Yaron, O, Yang, Y, Soumagnac, M, Rigault, M, Strotjohann, NL, Ofek, E, Sollerman, J, Masci, FJ, Barbarino, C, Ho, AYQ, Fremling, C, Perley, D, Nordin, J, Cenko, SB, Adams, S, Adreoni, I, Bellm, EC, Blagorodnova, N, Bulla, M, Burdge, K, De, K, Dhawan, S, Drake, AJ, Duev, DA, Dugas, A, Graham, M, Graham, ML, Irani, I, Jencson, J, Karamehmetoglu, E, Kasliwal, M, Kim, YL, Kulkarni, S, Kupfer, T, Liang, J, Mahabal, A, Miller, AA, Prince, TA, Riddle, R, Sharma, Y, Smith, R, Taddia, F, Taggart, K, Walters, R & Yan, L 2021, 'A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 912, no. 1, 46. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abef05

TY - JOUR

T1 - A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion

AU - Bruch, Rachel J.

AU - Gal-Yam, Avishay

AU - Schulze, Steve

AU - Yaron, Ofer

AU - Yang, Yi

AU - Soumagnac, Maayane

AU - Rigault, Mickael

AU - Strotjohann, Nora L.

AU - Ofek, Eran

AU - Sollerman, Jesper

AU - Masci, Frank J.

AU - Barbarino, Cristina

AU - Ho, Anna Y.Q.

AU - Fremling, Christoffer

AU - Perley, Daniel

AU - Nordin, Jakob

AU - Cenko, S. Bradley

AU - Adams, S.

AU - Adreoni, Igor

AU - Bellm, Eric C.

AU - Blagorodnova, Nadia

AU - Bulla, Mattia

AU - Burdge, Kevin

AU - De, Kishalay

AU - Dhawan, Suhail

AU - Drake, Andrew J.

AU - Duev, Dmitry A.

AU - Dugas, Alison

AU - Graham, Matthew

AU - Graham, Melissa L.

AU - Irani, Ido

AU - Jencson, Jacob

AU - Karamehmetoglu, Emir

AU - Kasliwal, Mansi

AU - Kim, Young Lo

AU - Kulkarni, Shrinivas

AU - Kupfer, Thomas

AU - Liang, Jingyi

AU - Mahabal, Ashish

AU - Miller, A. A.

AU - Prince, Thomas A.

AU - Riddle, Reed

AU - Sharma, Y.

AU - Smith, Roger

AU - Taddia, Francesco

AU - Taggart, Kirsty

AU - Walters, Richard

AU - Yan, Lin

PY - 2021/5/1

Y1 - 2021/5/1

N2 - Spectroscopic detection of narrow emission lines traces the presence of circumstellar mass distributions around massive stars exploding as core-collapse supernovae. Transient emission lines disappearing shortly after the supernova explosion suggest that the material spatial extent is compact and implies an increased mass loss shortly prior to explosion. Here, we present a systematic survey for such transient emission lines (Flash Spectroscopy) among Type II supernovae detected in the first year of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey. We find that at least six out of ten events for which a spectrum was obtained within two days of the estimated explosion time show evidence for such transient flash lines. Our measured flash event fraction (>30% at 95% confidence level) indicates that elevated mass loss is a common process occurring in massive stars that are about to explode as supernovae.

AB - Spectroscopic detection of narrow emission lines traces the presence of circumstellar mass distributions around massive stars exploding as core-collapse supernovae. Transient emission lines disappearing shortly after the supernova explosion suggest that the material spatial extent is compact and implies an increased mass loss shortly prior to explosion. Here, we present a systematic survey for such transient emission lines (Flash Spectroscopy) among Type II supernovae detected in the first year of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey. We find that at least six out of ten events for which a spectrum was obtained within two days of the estimated explosion time show evidence for such transient flash lines. Our measured flash event fraction (>30% at 95% confidence level) indicates that elevated mass loss is a common process occurring in massive stars that are about to explode as supernovae.

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AN - SCOPUS:85106277708

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 912

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1

M1 - 46

ER -

A Large Fraction of Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors Experience Elevated Mass Loss Shortly Prior to Explosion

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