3D bioprinting of anisotropic filler-reinforced polymer nanocomposites: Synthesis, assembly, and multifunctional applications

Bioprinting is a novel technique with a wide range of potential uses, including the fabrication of functioning tissue constructs for use in the biomedical sectors. It is a revolutionary method for high-throughput manufacturing that automates fine control over manufactured structures. Bioink refers to the solution of biomaterials usually encapsulating cells used in the bioprinting process; this bioink often encapsulates the appropriate cell types. In order to create the ultimate architecture, this bioink should solidify during or shortly after bioprinting. Bioinks can be developed from either all-natural or all-synthetic biomaterials, or a blend of the two. Cell aggregation can occasionally be used as a bioink without addition of any biomaterials, in bioprinting process. To bioprint functional tissues and organs, an optimal bioink should possess mechanical, rheological, and biological characteristics mimicking those of the target tissues. For attaining physicomechanical properties, anisotropic fillers are commonly added in bioink formulations. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of various anisotropic fillers used in bioprinting and their fabrication techniques, and outline their multifunctional applicability in biomedical and environmental areas. Given the steady growth of bioprinting market, we also present the global scenario of the bioprinting market and their techno-commercial orientations.