Equipments Details
Description
The superconducting element is designed to remain such during normal grid operation, where a nominal current flows through it, and switch to its normal state when the fault current rises and exceeds the critical current of the HTS element. It's the normal state resistance that then limits the current from reaching its prospective value.
Many projects around the globe have investigated (and are still investigating) the resistive HTS FCL: In Germany, a 10 KV resistive FCL prototype has been installed and tested in the RWE network [1]. SuperPower Inc. was leading a project for demonstrating a "Matrix" design resistive FCL on a 138 kV power grid of American Electric Power [2]. SuperPower’s team included: Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Nissan Electric Co. Ltd., BOC Group Inc., American Electric Power and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This project has been terminated without completion. Recently, Nexans, Siemens and American Superconductor Corporationhave announced successful tests of a transmission voltage (138 kV insulation class) resistive fault current limiter (FCL) that utilizes high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire.
Despite the partial success of the resistive type fault current limiter, some of its drawbacks became evident: clearly, as the HTS elements present finite resistance in AC current mode of operation, it is subjected to losses, which require increasing cooling power as the rating of the FCL increases. In addition, the dynamic nature of the transition from superconducting to resistive state and vice versa and the high energy dissipation during the transition makes the recovery of the resistive FCL slow and require a parallel inductive shunt to deflect the high current and allow switching of the HTS element.
Many projects around the globe have investigated (and are still investigating) the resistive HTS FCL: In Germany, a 10 KV resistive FCL prototype has been installed and tested in the RWE network [1]. SuperPower Inc. was leading a project for demonstrating a "Matrix" design resistive FCL on a 138 kV power grid of American Electric Power [2]. SuperPower’s team included: Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Nissan Electric Co. Ltd., BOC Group Inc., American Electric Power and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This project has been terminated without completion. Recently, Nexans, Siemens and American Superconductor Corporationhave announced successful tests of a transmission voltage (138 kV insulation class) resistive fault current limiter (FCL) that utilizes high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire.
Despite the partial success of the resistive type fault current limiter, some of its drawbacks became evident: clearly, as the HTS elements present finite resistance in AC current mode of operation, it is subjected to losses, which require increasing cooling power as the rating of the FCL increases. In addition, the dynamic nature of the transition from superconducting to resistive state and vice versa and the high energy dissipation during the transition makes the recovery of the resistive FCL slow and require a parallel inductive shunt to deflect the high current and allow switching of the HTS element.
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